Tuesday, January 21, 2020
Essay --
Ernst & Young was the auditing firm of HealthSouth from 1984 to 2002. Due to financial hardship Healthshore grew desperate and developed a scheme to deceive not only shareholders but Ernst and Young. Inevitably whistleblowers came forth and a lawsuit ensued. The shareholder’s lawsuit against Ernst and Young never went to trial. However, the lawsuit against Healthshore ended in settlement. Though a travesty to the shareholders and employees not involved with the fraud, this fraudulent activity was necessary for it forced the SEC to hinder these types of events to occur in the future. There may still be cases similar to HealthShore going on today had it not been for the Sarbanes Oxley act enforcing stricter requirements for auditing firms. 1.) Ordinary negligence is defined as the absence of reasonable care that can be expected of a person in a set of circumstances. For an auditor, it is what another component auditor would have done given the same scenario. Gross negligence is a step further than ordinary negligence and is that is absence of even slight care that can be expected of an independent, competent auditor. Some states do not distinguish the difference between both of these term but the main difference is ordinary negligence is an accidently mistake and the gross negligence is a mistake caused by a reckless act or decision. Constructive negligence is a more extreme negligence than gross negligence. This negligence is unusual but was committed without intend to deceive or harm. Negligence of this magnitude occurs when an inadequate audit was done but an opinion was issued anyway. For instance, if HealthSouth employees kept a factious account that was above the auditor’s materiality threshold but did not test this account... ...ds being committed so they were not a prudent person in performing due diligence in their audit. 3c. The auditors did their due diligence in that they questioned internal controls and found them to be acceptable if it were not for the deliberate collusion among management they would have been able to detect the fraud and therefor i would not be able to find them negligent in there assertion of the effectiveness of internal controls. 4. A disclaimer of opinion should be issued if the scope of the audit is limited because of management hindrance uness the evaluation during preplanning established that the section of the business being hindered was immaterial in respect to the overall fair presentation of the financial statements in that case if the audit was performed in accordance ewith GAAS the auaidotr should not be considered negligent if a fraud had occurred.
Monday, January 13, 2020
Political Rhetoric Essay
John F. Kennedy and Barack Obama both make successful attempts at addressing the thoughts, concerns, and fears of the American people in their speeches made on the Democratic platform. John F. Kennedy addresses the nation in his 1960 â€Å"Inaugural Address,†while Obama addresses Bostonians at Democratic Convention in a speech entitled â€Å"The Audacity of Hope.†Both speakers demonstrate the skilful use of the rhetorical devices ethos, logos, and pathos for the purpose of garnering support for policies and ideas thought to be important in shaping the future of the country. The appeals made by these speakers demonstrate an ability to grab the interest of the audience and engage their attention through continued appeals to their conscience as humans and Americans (Callaway). Both Obama and Kennedy succeed in employing these ethical, logical, and pathetic modes of discourse in a tone that seeks to motivate and inspire their audiences to support them in their endeavors. As a young Catholic, John F. Kennedy’s road to the white house was filled with difficulties. He lost the ballot for the Democratic candidacy in 1956, and was forced to wait four more years before he could gain the chance to run for the American Presidency. His victory over Richard Nixon in November of 1960 was very hard won, with many persons apprehensive of his campaign strategy involving making the United States a new frontier. As the country had entered an economic slump and faced the threat of communism, his job was difficult on both domestic and foreign frontiers. Yet, his policies were dynamic, and he audibly heralded the dawn of a new generation (The White House).  John F. Kennedy gave his inaugural speech on January 20, 1961 as the 35th president of the United States and the youngest one to date (Carter 36). This inaugural speech is an exemplary one in the discipline of rhetoric for it skillfully engages its audience with tone at the beginning of the speech, as he downplays the Democratic victory and calls attention to the tradition of liberty that has been the heritage of the American people (Meyer 239). He speaks not of â€Å"victory of a party but a celebration of freedomâ€â€symbolizing an end as well as a beginningâ€â€signifying a renewal as well as change†(Kennedy). Using well chosen diction, he declares unselfishly an eagerness to protect the hard-won freedom and a determination to act morally on the national and international scene. He makes the claim that â€Å"civility is not a sign of weakness,†thereby underscoring the importance of ethical conduct and principled behavior (Kennedy). Kennedy’s assertion of the unity of his country is one that, according to his discourse, aims to extend to the entirety of the Americas. He clarifies the context of this civility by highlighting the courage that should attend all diplomatic endeavors. This was the period of the Bay of Pigs in which Russia’s apparent aim was to establish a presence in Cuba. Kennedy declares, â€Å"Let every other power know that this hemisphere intends to remain the master of its own house†(Kennedy). This represents an ethical claim which finds it just and right for the stronger nations in the region to stand guard on behalf of the weaker ones. Kennedy makes this statement in order to show that the United States does and should consider it its duty to safeguard the interests of the countries of Earth’s Western Hemisphere.            John F. Kennedy also appeals to the logical sense of the entire nation in a number of ways throughout his speech (Meyer 239). For example, he refers to the diplomacy he intends to undertake with other nations and announces that logic and discussion will attend such diplomatic meetings for the discussion of arms and hostile military activity. He displays the logic of his belief in his statement that nations in conflict do well to â€Å"formulate serious and precise proposals for the inspection and control of arms†(Kennedy). The systematic method in which these proposed ideas are to be dealt with underscores the logical construction of the manner in which such negotiations are to proceed.            The speech by Kennedy also reflects a significant appeal to the sentiments of the nation (Meyer 139). The pathetic sympathies of his audience are aroused in his appeal to the traditions of liberty upon which the nation has been built. This patriotism elicits the pride and nationalism of the audience in the hope of identifying and exploiting the connection between the militarist actions of the past and his proposal for diplomatic action in the future. He appeals for their support in his famous lines, â€Å"Ask not what your country can do for you, but what you can do for your country. Ask not what America will do for you but what together we can do for the freedom of man†(Kennedy). He makes this appeal, and in doing so requests the assistance of Americans’ sense of duty, which should be â€Å"unwilling to witness or permit†any form of encroachment upon the freedom hard won by those forefathers who died on the battlefields (Kennedy). Here he indicates that the Soviet efforts to establish threatening communist connections with Cuba would not be tolerated by the United States.            Kennedy also appeals to the trepidation felt by many Americans because of the stand-off developing between the United States and the Soviet Union. He refers to the state of atomic warfare in the world and speaks to the widespread fear that seemed to permeate the nation since the atomic bomb became a threat. He demonstrates his understanding of people’s concern with what he terms â€Å"the steady spread of the deadly atom†(Kennedy). He makes this appeal to the fear they feel in order to win their support for the military budget he subsequently proposes. Kennedy evokes the deep sense of endurance of the people in a â€Å"call to bear the burden of a long, twilight struggle, year in and year out†(Kennedy). This reflects the depth of the seriousness which he attributes to the threat of atomic aggression by hostile Communist states. Furthermore, the fact that this idea is given immediately following the allusion to â€Å"the graves of young Americans who answered the call to service around the globe†points to the gravity of the situation that faces the United States. Kennedy, therefore, stirs the feelings of his audience in order to garner their acceptance of the idea that the costly upkeep of the military – most likely leading to a greater tax burden – is of great necessity to the preservation of American life, liberty, and dignity. It will be seen that the effectiveness of Barack Obama’s speech utilizes techniques that are similar to those used by Kennedy. Barack Obama’s keynote speech to the National Democratic Convention was given on July 29, 2004 before he became a Senator (African-American 16). His goal in giving this speech is to promote the idea of living the American dream under the democratic candidate John Kerry. It is an example of a speech written to appeal to readers on several levels of the rhetorical scale. At this point in Obama’s life, he is a member of the Illinois state legislature and has recently announced his candidacy for the United States Senate. As a legislator, he has had exposure to the responsibility of making ethical decisions that result in the better regulation of the liberties promised in the constitution (Mack 99). He has also done work in very poor neighborhoods, and knows firsthand the problems faced by the people in those areas. The moral credibility of this speech is embodied in this central purpose: to promote and support â€Å"life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness†(Obama). He cites these qualities as being attributable to a â€Å"faith in simple dreams, an insistence on small miracles; that we can tuck in our children at night and know that they are fed and clothed and safe from harm; that we can say what we think, write what we think, without hearing a sudden knock on the door†(Obama). The knowledge Obama has gained from his diverse experience qualifies him to speak on the behalf of a candidate whose aims are drafted along the lines of enacting legislation that will improve people’s social condition. Obama also uses ethical reasoning in his charge to the American leaders to engage the governments of other nations in talks that will unite countries under the banner of their common problems rather than divide them based on conflict. He charges such leaders to encourage them to explore the areas of science that give wonder and hope, rather than those areas that terrify and promise harm. In this way, Obama appeals to the deep sense of moral character and integrity possessed by his hearers, and which he knows they hope for the person he introduces – John Kerry – to bring to his agenda as a democratic candidate for the presidency. Obama also utilizes the rhetorical device of pathos in his Democratic Convention speech. From the very beginning of his speech, his words appeal to the sentiments of his audience as he reminisces on the ancestral lines that brought him to where he now stands. He highlights how unlikely it is for him to have achieved the privilege of being in his current position, because of the lowliness of his father’s birth (Mack 101). His humility is evident in his use of the phrase â€Å"Thank you†eight times in the first two lines. He mentions the goat-herding vocation of his father, and yet contrasts this with the strength of the dreams his grandfather had for his goat-herding son. Obama appeals further to the audience’s sentiment by underlining the level of hard work to which his maternal grandfather committed himself, emphasizing his eagerness to enlist in the American military on the day that Pearl Harbor was bombed. He also does this in his reference to the variety of people who seek a land in which they call home. He says, â€Å"It’s the hope of slaves sitting around a fire singing freedom songs; the hope of immigrants setting out for distant shores; the hope of a young naval lieutenant bravely patrolling the Mekong Delta; the hope of a mill-worker’s son who dares to defy the odds; the hope of a skinny kid with a funny name who believes that America has a place for him, too†(Obama). In this way, he appeals to the patriotic nature of the audience and to highlight the right he and the diverse population have to claim this nation as their own. Barack Obama also makes a joint appeal both to the logos and pathos of the audience in his allusion to the job and health care situations in America. He says, â€Å"It is that fundamental belief: I am my brother’s keeper. I am my sister’s keeper that makes this country work,†and this represents his rousing of the conscience of the people toward a more communal type of social policy he advocates (Obama). He also demonstrates reasoning and in his treatment of specific problems, evoking a sense that justice fails where people who have worked diligently all their lives are now required to compete with teenagers for low-paying jobs. This form of appeal also comes to the fore where he mentions the hardworking father who is at a loss to figure out how he can pay a $4500 weekly bill for his sick son when he cannot afford insurance (Obama). The dismal circumstances evoke the sympathy of his hearers. He also combines logos and pathos in his mention of the health care situation. From a logical point of view, humanitarian considerations support the idea of universal health care and hard work should logically be rewarded with proper medical treatment when necessary. The tone of Obama’s address is one of patriotism and urgency. He speaks of the drive and heart of the American people underscores his point that the leader he endorses believes strongly in the ideas he has put forth. He says, â€Å"Now even as we speak, there are those who are preparing to divide us  the spin masters, the negative ad peddlers who embrace the politics of ‘anything goes.’ Well, I say to them tonight, there is not a liberal America and a conservative America  there is the United States of America†(Obama). His tone is also inspirational and motivational, and he highlights the ways in which the passion and ambition of the American people has the ability not just to make them succeed in the things to which they put their hands and minds, but also to unite them as one nation. Yet he also highlights the areas that need change, and encourages all the audience that together such goals can be achieved if the American initiative and ingenuity is employed. He exhorts his audience with his words and provocative tone to move forward by selecting the right candidate.            The speeches of John F. Kennedy and Barack Obama use rhetoric as a means of constructing logical and ethical arguments that appeal also to the sentiments of their audience. Both speakers show themselves to be exceptional orators and to possess skill in rousing the spirits of the nation in support of their political campaigns. They also show themselves to be united in their efforts to earn the backing of the American people for future domestic and foreign policies. Obama appeals to the deepest and most immediate concerns of the people, and by insisting on his interest in social welfare programs, shows himself worthy of their trust and sympathies. Kennedy’s inaugural speech highlights the endeavor of a newly elected Democratic president to air the qualities of an unproven leader as being propitious for the direction the country seeks to take. Kennedy makes himself one with the people by referring to the areas in which they share ethical beliefs and logical connections. Both speakers allude to recent and older historical periods in which wars were fought and Americans died. In so doing, the speakers are able to garner support for the policies that will preserve freedom and prosperity for many gave their lives. Works Cited â€Å"An African-American Law School Professor Aims to Become the Fifth Black U.S.      Senator.†The Journal of Blacks in Higher Education. Vol. 43 (Spring, 2004) pp 16 – 17.         JSTOR. http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=10773711%28200421%290%3A43%3C16            %3AAALSPA%3E2.0.CO%3B2-R. Callaway, Michael. â€Å"Logos, Ethos, and Pathos.†Arizona State University. 26 January 2008            http://www.public.asu.edu/~macalla/logosethospathos.html. Carter, Burnham Jr. â€Å"President Kennedy’s Inaugural Address.†College Composition and            Communication. Vol. 14 No. 1 (February, 1963) pp 36 – 40. JSTOR. 1 February 2008            http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0010096X%28196302%2914%3A1%3C36%3APKIA%3            E2.0.CO%3B2-Q Kennedy, John Fitzgerald. â€Å"Inaugural Address.†20 January 1061. American Rhetoric: Online  Speech Bank. 26 January 2008 http://www.americanrhetoric.com/speeches/ jfkinaugural.htm. Mack, Kenneth W. â€Å"Barack Obama before He Was a Rising Political Star†The Journal of        Blacks in Higher Education. No. 45, pp 99 – 104 (Autumn, 2004). JSTOR. 1 February       2008 http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=1077-3711%28200423%290%3A45%3C98% 3ABOBHWA%3E2.0.CO%3B2-N. Meyer, Sam. â€Å"The John F. Kennedy Inauguration Speech: Function and Importance of Its         ‘Address System’.†Rhetoric Society Quarterly Vol. 12 No. 4 (Autumn, 1982), pp. 239-    250. JSTOR. 1 February 2008 http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0277-3945%28198223 %2912%3A4%3C239%3ATJFKIS%3E2.0.CO%3B2-M . Obama, Barack. â€Å"The Audacity of Hope.†27 July 2004. American Rhetoric: Online Speech     Bank. 26 January 2008 http://www.americanrhetoric.com/speeches/convention2004/ barackobama2004dnc.htm. White House, The. â€Å"John Kennedy.†Past Presidents. Washington. Retrieved on February 18,  2008 from http://www.whitehouse.gov/history/presidents/jk35.html Annotated Bibliography â€Å"An African-American Law School Professor Aims to Become the Fifth Black U.S. Senator.†            The Journal of Blacks in Higher Education. Vol. 43 (Spring, 2004) pp 16 – 17.                                  JSTOR. . This article from The Journal of Blacks in Higher Education appeared in the Spring 2004 edition. It is an un-authored article that talks about Barack Obama’s rise through the political ranks all the way up to running for Senator. This article will help provide background information related to Obama’s early years in the State Legislature and later on in the Senate. Blakesley, David, and Jeffrey Hoogeveen. The Brief Thompson Handbook. Ohio: Thomson                Wadsworth, 2008. This book is a handbook used for reference in all forms of writing. It has unique sections such as MLA documentation and how to research writing critically. It served a dual purpose in my paper as it was able to help me define several key terms as well as cite all appropriate sources properly. Callaway, Michael. â€Å"Logos, Ethos, and Pathos.†Arizona State University. 26 January 2008                 . This site presents a helpful chart on the ethos, pathos, and logos, which clearly differentiates each of the three styles of presenting an argument. It also presents clear definition as well as some examples from known articles written by recognized celebrities. It also gave insight into how to prepare a well-developed essay on rhetoric. Carter, Burnham Jr. â€Å"President Kennedy’s Inaugural Address.†College Composition and                                Communication. Vol. 14 No. 1 (February, 1963) pp 36 – 40. JSTOR. 1 February                                   2008 http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0010096X%28196302%2914%3A1%3            C36%3APKIA%3E2.0.CO%3B2-Q This five page article by Burnham Carter Jr. was written two years after President John F. Kennedy gave his Inaugural Address. It praises Kennedy’s words and goes on to explore why it was such a great speech. This article is very well organized and uses outsides sources to get its point across. The ideas in this article will provide a basis upon which to build further arguments concerning the effectiveness of John F. Kennedy’s speech. Clarke, Thurston. â€Å"The Inauguration of John F. Kennedy and the Speech That Changed                        America.†The San Francisco Chronicle. 24 October, 2004. 26 January 2008                           . This article from the San Francisco Chronicle by Thurston Clarke recounts one of the most famous speeches ever given: The Inauguration of JFK. There was a myth that the speech could have been written by JFK’s assistant, Ted Sorensen. However, in the article Thurston disproves the rumor and demonstrates how JFK was the true author of his own remarkable words. The work helps give insight into the strategic mind of John F. Kennedy, and will apply to the logical aspects of the analytic paper.. Kennedy, John Fitzgerald. â€Å"Inaugural Address.†20 January 1061. American Rhetoric: Online             Speech Bank. 26 January 2008 . John F Kennedy’s Inaugural Address can be found in the Online Speech Bank of the American Rhetoric website. On this specific page it has the audio, video, and text of the speech that I will be analyzing. The speech will be examined on the following areas of rhetoric: pathos, logos and ethos, and will provide the primary material to be assessed. Mack, Kenneth W. â€Å"Barack Obama before He Was a Rising Political Star†The Journal of                   Blacks in Higher Education. No. 45, pp 99 – 104 (Autumn, 2004). JSTOR. 1                              February 2008 . Kenneth W. Mack wrote this four page article for The Journal of Blacks in Higher Education in the Fall of 2004. In the article, Mack addresses his relationship with Barack Obama on both a political and personal scale. He recounts anecdotes of himself and Obama along with other important political figures to shed light on hwo deserving Obama is of his acclaim. He also analyzes the Keynote Address that Obama gave at the 2004 Democratic National Convention. This article will provide deeper insight into the Obama’s character, and will inform the main ideas presented in the analysis of his speech. Meyer, Sam. â€Å"The John F. Kennedy Inauguration Speech: Function and Importance of Its                     ‘Address System’.†Rhetoric Society Quarterly Vol. 12 No. 4 (Autumn, 1982),                          pp. 239-250. JSTOR. 1 February 2008 . This twelve page article is an in-depth analysis on John F Kennedy’s Inaugural Speech. It explores all aspects of the speech with topics ranging from the audience to logos, pathos, and ethos. It breaks down different quotations and analyzes the content and not only the textual meaning but possible broader meanings. It will aid in the relation of the ideas presented in JFK’s speech to the context in which it was made. Obama, Barack. â€Å"The Audacity of Hope.† 27 July 2004. American Rhetoric: Online Speech               Bank. 26 January 2008 . The American Rhetoric is a website that houses famous pieces of literature, both American and Foreign. This particular piece is a speech from the 2004 Democratic National Convention and is the Key Note Address. The speech is given by Barack Obama when he was still a member of the Illinois State Legislator. I will be examining the speech for the main elements of Rhetoric: logos, pathos and ethos. It will be used as the main source from which quotations and examples will be drawn in an analysis of the speech’s effectiveness. Ramage, John, John Bean, and June Johnson. Writing Arguments: A Rhetoric with Readings. 7th         ed. White Plains, NY: Longman, 2006. This is a book that revolves around the topic of arguments. It defines argument, presents numerous argument readings over the pages, and then tackles on assisting readers into writing arguments. One of the arguments in the text is a speech by Former Attorney General John Ashcroft titled, â€Å"Testimony to the Senate Committee on the Judiciary.†Using pathos Ashcroft states that America must not be complacent and should be one-on-one in defending the nation against terrorist attacks. Another argument in the book is made by Patricia Williams in an article titled â€Å"To See or Not to See.†This article tackles the invalidity of the antiterrorism policies, especially when it comes to liberty and human rights of the minorities. The methods in which these state officials tackle these tough problems will give insight into the difficulties facing Kennedy at the time. Comparisons of his attitude with that of these contemporary leaders will help to indicate the extent to w hich his proposed policies were necessary. United Sates. Senate. Barack Obama: U.S. Senator for Illinois. 1 February 2008. This website is the homepage for Senator Barack Obama. It is a very detailed site with many subsidiary pages that include things from biographical information to his previous speeches on podcast. The homepage has an RSS feed that gives up to the minute latest news relating to the Senator. It also indicates the issues for which Obama argues and different committees with which he is associated. This source gives an idea of the Obama’s political interests and facilitates the comparison of his speech’s main points. It also gives insight into the areas in which Obama may have done (or found) research for his speech. White House, The. â€Å"John Kennedy.†Past Presidents. Washington. Retrieved on February 18,  2008 from http://www.whitehouse.gov/history/presidents/jk35.html This article is a biography of John F. Kennedy, detailing his birth, tour in Japan, road to the White House and subsequent assassination while in office. It also tells of other accomplishments, the Bay of Pigs campaign, and the overall mission that he had in store for the country. It is useful as a source of general background information concerning Kennedy. Â
Sunday, January 5, 2020
Unsafe Working Conditions for Meatpacking Plant Employees...
The aquarium of life is filled with all sorts of wonderful fish, each having its own purpose: clown fish to entertain, gold and neon tetras to illuminate, emperor plescostomas to rule, sharks to bite, bottom feeders to pick up the waste left behind and of course feeder fish, to be eaten. Unlike its expensive companions a feeder fish is only worth about 7.2 cents. It is kept in crowded, disease infested waters, sold at a pathetic price, and is made to sacrifice its body for the common good. In mans aquarium there are many different terms for feeder fish: indentured servants, fiefs, peons, sweatshop workers, slaves. Societies have been built by these people, have sustained through the sweat of these people, and (in my opinion)†¦show more content†¦Since the industry is not willing to change their system of production or the speed of their conveyor belts, in order to insure the safety of their workers, one can assume that the industry does not care about their workers. This is not the first time in history that companies have lacked sympathy for their employees. All one has to do is visit an internet search engine and type in the words: industrial and revolution to learn how poorly most companies treated their employees when unchecked. It is common American knowledge that during the industrial revolution children, five and older, often worked in mines and sweat shops for more then sixteen hours a day. It is also widely known that workers received ridiculously low wages, and that when a factory worker was injured on the job, they were most likely fired with out receiving any benefits or money to help with the medical costs. The solution to the child labor problem was, like everything else in life, rather complex. Public awareness of this problem can be a credited to the womens reform movement. It did do little to improve the problem - the child work force actually increased from one to two million between the years of 1890 and 1910 - but with out these progressive women, the federal government might not have done anything to improve the situation. In the end it was the federal government that stepped in and endedShow MoreRelatedEric Schlossers Fast Food Nation: The Dark Side of the All-American Meal1377 Words  | 6 Pages In the book Fast Food Nation, Eric Schlosser talks about the working conditions of fast food meat slaughterhouses. In the chapter â€Å"The Most Dangerous Job,†one of the workers, who despised his job, gave Schlosser an opportunity to walk through a slaughterhouse. As the author was progressed backwards through the slaughterhouse, he noticed how all the workers were sitting very close to each other with steel protective vests and knives. The workers were mainly young Latina women, who worked swiftlyRead MoreThe Plague Of Fast Food Restaurants1283 Words  | 6 Pagesquality of life and the abuse of employees, and even livestock associated with such franchises. The abundance of fast food restaurants in communities, especially those of lower income, influence consumer dietary choices and intensifies obesity among adolescents and adults. Obesity is a major health concern in the United States; the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention reports that more than one-third of American adults are obese, and that obesity related conditions such as heart disease, strokeRead MoreEssay on To what Extent the Progressive Movement was Successful1283 Words  | 6 Pagesmeat-packing plant to observe harmful and unsanitary practices. In the factory, to kill rats, Sinclair wrote, ?the packers would put poisoned bread out for them, they would die, and then rats, bread, and meat would go into the hoppers together.? Hence, that would be the meat made for the public to eat. Many people did not consider that the meat industries actually did this, for example, former President Roosevelt doubted Sinclair?s viewpoints, and however, he ordered an investigation of meatpacking practicesRead MoreHuman Resources Management150900 Words  | 604 Pagespositively affecting performance in organizations, both large and small. A joint venture between General Electric and a Japanese company, GE Fanuc is a manufacturer of factory automation and control products. Headquartered in Virginia with 1,500 employees, the HR department primarily performed administrative support activities. But when Donald Borwhat, Jr., took over as Senior Vice President of Human Resources, he and his staff began by restructuring and decentralizing the HR entity so that each functionalRead MoreFundamentals of Hrm263904 Words  | 1056 PagesChapter 5 Chapter 6 Chapter 7 STAFFING THE ORGANIZATION Human Resource Planning and Job Analysis 110 Recruiting 132 Foundations of Selection 154 PART 4 Chapter 8 Chapter 9 TRAINING AND DEVELOPMENT Socializing, Orienting, and Developing Employees 182 Managing Careers 208 PART 5 Chapter 10 Chapter 11 Chapter 12 Chapter 13 MAINTAINING HIGH PERFORMANCE Establishing the Performance Management System 230 Establishing Rewards and Pay Plans 260 Employee Benefits 286 Ensuring a Safe and HealthyRead MoreMarketing Management 14th Edition Test Bank Kotler Test Bank173911 Words  | 696 PagesObjective: 4 AACSB: Use of IT Difficulty: Moderate 45) Each of the following is true about the Internets impact on the way business is conducted today, EXCEPT one. Identify the exception. A) It has facilitated high-speed communication among employees. B) It has empowered consumers with easy access to information. C) It can be used as a powerful sales channel. D) It has facilitated mass marketing but not the sale of customized products. E) It enables marketers to use social media to advertise
Saturday, December 28, 2019
Toilet Paper Icebreaker Games
Social and business gatherings can be awkward at first, especially if participants dont know each other. Icebreaker games can help a host solve that problem and motivate guests to break through their initial social fears, leading to a productive meeting or event. Try this toilet paper game to grease the social wheels. Grab a Roll Youll need little preparation. Just grab a full roll of toilet paper from the bathroom, and then: Take the roll of toilet paper, pull off several squares before handing it to another person and asking him to do the same.Continue this until all guests have grabbed a few pieces.Once everyone in the room has taken some toilet paper, each person counts the number of squares that she has grabbed and then tells everyone that number things about herself.For example, if someone has three squares, he would share three things about himself. Give an Example If you have a particularly shy group, spark the discussion with an example, suggests Beat by Beat, a website focusing on drama and theater. The website gives the following example: If Isabel took five sheets, then, she might say: I like to dance.My favorite color is purple.I have a dog named Sammy.This summer I went to Hawaii.I’m really afraid of snakes. Beat by Beat says that you will also learn about participants personalities based on who took a greater number of sheets compared to those who tore off only a few. Extending the Game Leadership Geeks, a website focusing on leadership skills and team building, suggests extending this seemingly simple game to foster team-building, work habits, and social skills. After all of the participants have torn off a few pieces of toilet paper and you have explained the rules of the game, notes the website: You may hear laughter and groaning when some realize they took too many squares.End the session by sharing a humorous moral: â€Å"Sometimes excess can be bad for you!†Ask participants: How many of you took more than what you knew you would need just in case? What does that say about your approach to life in general?What are some interesting things you have learned about your fellow participants? You can dissolve uncomfortable distinctions between those hoarding a large number of pieces and those who only grabbed two or three. Afterward, have everyone throw their sheets into the center, says Beat by Beat. This represents all the new information we now know about each other. Its amazing how much social traction you can gain with a simple bathroom supply. And, regardless of how many sheets participants tore off, youre likely to have plenty of paper left on the roll for your next event.
Thursday, December 19, 2019
Defining The Area Of Intellectual Property Law That...
The term of ‘copyright’ used to describe the area of intellectual property law that regulates copyrighted work such as book, songs, films and computer programs. This is governed by Copyright, Designs, and Patents Act 1998 (CDPA). Sec 1 of CDPA give the creator right to protect over literary, artistic, musical and dramatic work as well as film, sound recordings and typographical arrangements. This concept expressed in Art 2 of TRIPS that it protects the expression of an idea. However, when an idea could only be expressed in one particular way, it won’t t be protected because it would monopolise the idea. As to general rule, infringement requires â€Å"substantial part†of work to be copied that refers to quality, not quantity. It should be†¦show more content†¦The recent exemptions as of 1 October 2014, intended for personal copies for private use and also quotation and parody. These changes arose by Gowers Review 2006 and the Hargreaves Review 2011. The reasoning was to make it fit for purpose in digital age, deliver economic growth, and confer greater freedom for certain bodies. However, this changes is likely to affect businesses, publisher, individual and institutions who deal in copyright works. A landmark case on private use exemption can refer in Basca and others v Secretary of State for Business Innovation Skills. This case significance to Section 28B of CDPA, any person who legitimately acquired content (music, film and books) could copy the work for private use and could storage onto other format without infringing. Here, a number of music industry bodies sought a judicial review on the basis that Section 28B failed to provide a fair compensation to right holders. Article 5(2)(b) of InfoSoc Directive permits member states to came up with private copy exception if the copy for private use caused no more than minimal harm to copyright holders, otherwise compensation would be payable. In UK, government create an exception which caused zero or minimal harm to right holders and implemented a narrow concept which is only for purchaser, thus copying by family, friends or within a social circle is not permitted. The value of copying in the exception built into the initial price of content by
Wednesday, December 11, 2019
CELTA skills related tasks free essay sample
I have chosen a reading text titled â€Å"How to be a good traveller†due to travel’s relevance to the students. All of our students are from another country, and many of them have expressed desires to visit other countries. A text that gives good advice for travelers to follow should prove both interesting and useful to the students. The receptive skills tasks I designed for this lesson will focus on reading for gist and reading for specific information. Students could also read for detail or attempt to make predictions. However, since some students left their home country for the first time to come to San Diego, their lack of traveling experience may make it difficult to make predictions about the advice contained in the text. The chosen receptive skills tasks will help the students practice skimming and scanning. Harmer defines skimming as looking over a text to get a general idea of what it is about. We will write a custom essay sample on CELTA skills related tasks or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page (Harmer 2007:101) He defines scanning as looking through a text without having to read every word or line to find particular bits of information they are searching for. (Harmer 2007:100) The reading for gist task will provide the skimming practice, and the reading for specific information task will provide the scanning practice. The tasks were also chosen to place an emphasis on extensive reading rather than intensive reading. Scrivener defines intensive reading as â€Å"reading texts closely and carefully with the intention of gaining an understanding of as much detail as possible,†and he goes on to say that this typically involves rereading a text numerous times to find more and more information and to ensure correct interpretation. (Scrivener 2005:188) This can be contrasted with extensive reading, which he defines as â€Å"fluent, faster reading, often of longer texts, for pleasure, entertainment and general understanding, but without such careful attention to the details,†and he states that â€Å"when we don’t understand words or small sections, we usually just keep going, maybe only coming back when there has been a major breakdown in our understanding. †(Scrivener 2005:188) He also makes the very valid point that we tend to do much more extensive reading in everyday life than intensive reading. For the productive skills practice, the students will be put in groups for discussion. Students will first consider the advice in the text and decide what is and is not relevant to their time in San Diego. Once they have come to a consensus on that matter, they will attempt to come up with some advice of their own tailored specifically to San Diego. While I am not familiar with the background of each individual student, the vast majority have been in San Diego for at least a month or two. This will hopefully provide enough experience to give each of them a few ideas to contribute. Alternatively, the students could be grouped for role play with one or more playing the part of visiting foreigners and the others playing the part of locals as they try to put the given advice into practice. Given the variety of nationalities participating in the class, each could play a different sort of local and bring a small part of their own culture to the activity. However, such a task may require more scripting than I would prefer for such an activity. Scrivener gives a number of obstacles that might hinder students’ ability and desire to contribute to the discussion, and I believe the activity handles them. He includes â€Å"no interest in the subject, no relevant knowledge or experience, no motivation, no desire or perceived need to speak about it and worst of all, a slight panic. †(Scrivener 2005:149) Travel has already been established as an area of interest to at least a majority of students. As they have all left their home countries to come to San Diego, they clearly have at least a little knowledge and experience with traveling to foreign lands. I believe the wide range of cultures the students have come from should give them enough difference in perspective to perceive a need to speak and contribute their own individual ideas, and these different perspectives should motivate them to do so. The productive skills activity also meets Scrivener’s definition of a communicative activity, in which â€Å"learners use the language they are learning to interact in realist and meaningful ways,†generally to fill an information gap. He describes an information gap as â€Å"when one of us has information that another does not have,†and he lists facts, opinions, ideas, and instructions as examples. (Scrivener 2005:152) The students will each bring some variety to their group to provide information gaps. This will come from their traveling experiences, their time in San Diego, and the perspective they bring from their home cultures. At the end of the activity, I would elicit responses to the task questions from the groups. Word count: 809 Bibliography Scrivener, Jim. Learning Teaching: A Guidebook for English Language Teachers. Oxford: Macmillan, 2005. Print. Harmer, Jeremy. How to Teach English. Harlow: Pearson Longman, 2007. Print. What’s the Title? Read the text and decide which of the following titles fits best. 1) Traveling in China 2) When, Where, and How to Haggle 3) How to be a Good Traveler 4) Differences between Cultures Find the Mistakes Mark each sentences T for true or F for false. If the sentence is false, fix it in the larger blank below. 1) The author’s hosts got angry when he spoke their language poorly. ___ 2) If you can’t speak the native language, you may be able to speak a shared language. ___ 3) The guard on the train thought it was funny that the author had to sit between carriages. ___ 4) Things usually go smoothly when you have to meet a deadline while traveling. ___ 5) When in a country where people haggle, you should stop haggling if you stop enjoying it. ___ 6) If an official is being unreasonable, be polite, stand your ground, and don’t lose your temper. ___ 7) You and your host both get more out of the experience if they learn about you and your country. ___ 8) Gifts are a good substitute for getting to know people. __ 9) A little research can help you find things people in your destination country will find useful or interesting, like the ‘beautiful game’ of soccer in many countries. ___ 10) You should get permission before taking a picture of someone. ___ Do You Have Any Other Advice? Think about the advice in the text. Is it all good advice? Is it all relevant to visiting San Diego? Is there any extra advice you would like to give to someone who was about to come to visit San Diego? Consider your experiences with people and places since arriving in San Diego. Discuss these questions with your group. Answer Keys What’s the Title? 3) How to Be a Good Traveler Find the Mistakes 1) F – They thought it was very entertaining 2) T 3) F – The guard took pity and brought him to his carriage 4) F – Things often start to unravel 5) T 6) T 7) T 8) F – Gifts are nice, but they are not a good substitute. 9) T 10) T Do You Have Any Other Advice? These questions largely have subjective answers. Haggling, however, is a rarity in America, and students should take note that it may not be relevant for San Diego except in exceptional cases.
Wednesday, December 4, 2019
Star Wars Episode Score Analysis Essay Example For Students
Star Wars Episode Score Analysis Essay Lucas, never having been a conventional filmmaker, completed the tar wars (Original) Trilogy (CT) with Return Of The Jed in 1983 (see Appendix: Synopses). However the original Star Wars premise was off 9 episode epic. The TO was the middle three films (Episode IV A New Hope, Episode V The Empire Strikes Back. And Episode VI Return Of The Jed) and many fans thought that with Return Of The Jed the saga was complete. However, in 1999 Lucas released Episode I ? The Phantom Menace, This began the prequel Trilogy (P T) which culminated in 2005 with Episode Ill Revenge Of The Sits Working in this way has not only meant that the look and design elements of the film (2005 costumes and sets maintaining continuity with 1977 counterparts) have had to be carefully monitored, but have given John Williams a wealth of previous themes and styles in which to work in. We will write a custom essay on Star Wars Episode Score Analysis specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Personally, I believe this to be the best Star Wars score; both as a stand alone piece of film scoring (as it complements the film excellently) but also acts as the shining jewel within the six film crown. Through the recommendation of their mutual friend Steven Spielberg, Lucas and Williams union resulted in the resounding, nearly unheard-of success of the Star Wars soundtrack. Yet Lacunas use Of an operatic score in A New Hope caused some o raise their eyebrows. M,hen George started A New Hope, in the mid-asses, sound designer Ben Burnt remembers, the trend was not to have densely scored movies. Music was used sparingly by todays standards. Lucas nevertheless went on to order a soundtrack that played for much of the films running time . A New Hope went on to win Williams an Academy Award for his score that year And that was just the beginning of a successful collaboration. Part of this success has been continuity. Not only has Williams drawn on his previous material from the Star Wars saga for this film, but he has used, as with all the Star Wars films, the London Symphony Orchestra (I-SO) and (certainly for the PET) the London Voices choir. Despite working in a multitude of ways and scoring a wide variety of films, it is ironic that Williams is best known for his grand orchestral scores, like Jurassic Park, Indiana Jones and Star Wars. It is no coincidence that these films are part of a series, and for each film in the series Williams has been invited back to do the scoring. The massive scale of the ALSO has always been integral to the Star Wars films, but in Episode Ill Williams carefully blends synthesized vocal work into the fabric of the score. Williams uses the various sections of the orchestra to great effect. One could suggest that strings and woodwind moments could be quite natural for lush, romantic scenes, whereas brass and percussion will be batteries moments within the film. However, it is Williams art that he can juxtapose instruments in classically inopportune moments, yet still create a fantastic score. One Of Williams pet preferences is the use Of the French horn. Throughout the Star Wars films the French horn has always had prominence during the more emotional, quieter moments. For example, the Binary Sunset cone in A New Hope (where Luke looks out over twin sunsets on Tattooing from outside his uncles friar) featured a French horn version of the Force Theme, which is also revisited note-for-note as Uncle Owen holds the newborn Luke in his arms looking out over a Binary Sunset at the close of Episode Ill. The solo French horn also plays a version of the Leila theme as the infant Leila is presented by Bail Organ to his wife. Not only do instrumentations choices such as this imbue the Episode Ill score with a sense of continuity within the compass of John Williams work, but also establishes itself as a score in a larger collection to Star Wars scores. The use of the ALSO (a 100+ piece orchestra) and the London Voices (an over 180 strong choir) gives a large degree of, well, force, to the recordings. When Williams thinks a French horn solo will give the best results, he uses a 5010 French horn (such as the Binary Sunset homage on Tattooing), and if he thinks that the French horn is the instrument of choice but needs a thicker texture, or more resolute timbre then will write for all four horns (Timothy Jones, David Patty, John Ryan and Jonathan Lipton It is this integral knowledge of how far to extend parts to instruments that is Williams forte. Williams can write in a myriad of different styles and genres. Perhaps no coincidence that his most well loved scores (most of which have a predominance of large orchestras) happen to be the biggest grossing films at the box Office. Prom E_T, Indiana Jones, Jurassic Park, (in fact, think almost every Steven Spielberg film) to the recent Harry Potter films, large dramatic orchestra has been the way to go. Still, it is With films like Minority Report, Jaws (his first Oscar-winner), Saving Private Ryan, Chandlers List, AAA. Nixon, that emotional context and delicacy become just as important to Williams. Through Star Wars and his other big-orchestral works he can indulge his clear influences from the likes of Erich Gordon (himself an Oscar winner for The Adventures of Robin Hood (1938) ) and become the forefather of the modern film score. Starting in the asses with the likes of Gordon, big orchestral scores were popular until the experimental ass and ass where jazz, world music and other influences would saturate the scoring community. However, with the score for the then titled Star Wars (since renamed Episode IV A New Hope), Williams returned the big orchestra to the tray, where it has resided ever since. Part to the effectiveness of Williams A New Hope score was his extensive use of the leitmotif device. In music drama, this is a marked melodic phrase or short passage which always accompanies the reappearance of a certain person, situation, abstract idea, or allusion in the course of the play; a sort of musical label. Also appears as a dominant and recurring theme. With origins in the operas of Wagner, who wrote particular melodic or harmonic passages that the audience associated with certain characters such as the Sigmund theme from Wagers teratology Deer Ring Des Unbelieving, Williams use of leitmotifs throughout the 30 year history of Star Wars is never more evident than in Revenge Of The Sits The Force Theme, Luaus Theme and Leis Theme all appeared in A New Hope and return in various (and perhaps their most emotional) guises in Revenge Of The Sits. The Imperial March (often quoted as Dart Evaders Theme although differs from the A New Hope Evader theme), and Hoods Theme from The Empire Strikes Back return. Also returning is the Emperors Theme from Return Of The Jed. It is through the use Of these themes and tracked music from the PET that Williams creates a sense Of continuity between the preceding five films and Revenge Of The Sits. In terms of this score, Williams himself said in The Making of Star Wars: Revenge Of The Sits The Final Chapter by J. W. Reindeer: My first impression, whenever George shows me these films, is usually, My God, so much? Im not going to be able to write all that. Because it goes from scene to scene, battle to battle, and fight to fight, I have to confess its always a little bit daunting when I first see these things. May ask George something like, how many weeks did you say weve got to do this in? And hell tell me and we laugh, This is a very important trend with the Star Wars films even more 50 than in Williams canon as a whole: there is a lot of scoring in Star Wars. The majority of the film is scored; perhaps as much as of the final two hour twenty minute running time has music added. Add that to the fact that these films have an awful lot of post production and visual effects shots to be completed before release, and its no wonder that Williams often appears in danger of running out of time to write and record the pieces for this film. One of the main elements of this score has surfaced numerous times throughout the Star Wars saga, which is the process Of tracking. With such a back catalogue Of themes and recordings o look back on, much of the thematic material is used in new ways (one of the predominant examples is the appearance throughout all the films Of the Force theme in its various guises), and some is literally taken from previous recordings and used in the final film. Not only does this alleviate slightly the burden of work on Williams, but also thematically links all six films together. For example, the opening shot of the Battle of Shaky could have had some original music composed and recorded, but a track from Episode The Phantom Menace entitled Activate The Droids, has not only been established as a theme for a Attlee within the Star Wars universe, but fits the action cue too. It seems in terms of tracking within Revenge Of The Sits that (Sound Designer) Ben art, has not massacred Williams score like he did in Attack Of The Clones, where much of the Arena duel was not scored even though Williams wrote exceptional music for that scene (in a curious twist much of Williams unused music from the Arena is tracked into Episode Ill), but rather Lucas and Williams have sat down and spotted exactly where new music needs composing, and where tracking of specific previous material is acceptable. This can be seen from the Nanking vs.. .u489f6d087553d22d4932223514594f75 , .u489f6d087553d22d4932223514594f75 .postImageUrl , .u489f6d087553d22d4932223514594f75 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u489f6d087553d22d4932223514594f75 , .u489f6d087553d22d4932223514594f75:hover , .u489f6d087553d22d4932223514594f75:visited , .u489f6d087553d22d4932223514594f75:active { border:0!important; } .u489f6d087553d22d4932223514594f75 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u489f6d087553d22d4932223514594f75 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u489f6d087553d22d4932223514594f75:active , .u489f6d087553d22d4932223514594f75:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u489f6d087553d22d4932223514594f75 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u489f6d087553d22d4932223514594f75 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u489f6d087553d22d4932223514594f75 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u489f6d087553d22d4932223514594f75 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u489f6d087553d22d4932223514594f75:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u489f6d087553d22d4932223514594f75 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u489f6d087553d22d4932223514594f75 .u489f6d087553d22d4932223514594f75-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u489f6d087553d22d4932223514594f75:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Dead Poets Society Character Analysis EssayObi Wan cue, which ends on the exact same chord that segues into the opening choir of Duel of the Fates from The Phantom Menace. Most of the tracking of the music in the film was exemplary, with only a few exceptions Although, like most avid listeners of Williams music expected to hear the Imperial March when Evader climbs the steps to the Jed Temple, the absence of it, and its predominance at the close of Attack Of The Clones, made much more sense in context than would have initially predicted. Some fans Of Star Wars and Williams in general seem to focus too much on associating a piece of music With a particular scene, rather than as a cue in itself. For example, When Wood confronts Studious in his office, a highly dramatists version of the Imperial March theme is heard, and as Studious is the Empire, this music fits so well With the scene. However, some fans complain that this is the music from The Empire Strikes Back final duel and cant see past this to discover how well it fits with the scene In listening to the CD soundtrack release, it is clear that during certain scenes, such as the CD tracks Nanking vs.. Obi-Wan and Enter Lord Evader have added percussion parts that seem to be additions by the sound design apartment. It seems similar to Ben arts additions to the Attack Of The Clones Druid F-actors sequence; luckily Lucas did not like the metallic percussive sound effects and asked John Williams to score that sequence instead! This raises an interesting question regarding ownership and collaboration within the motion picture business. Many critics of film scoring see it as an interior side of music, merely bashing out the same tired old cliche ©s time and again, They do not see the craftsmanship involved in weaving a tapestry of musical ideas that complement the moving images so succinctly and successfully. I personally believe that film scoring is one of the best forms of musical expression available, and at a commercial level is one of the most effective ways of distributing your material too vivid audience. The question that has to be asked is to what extent is the composer in charge of their material? Certainly in Attack Of The Clones Ben Bursts decision to track the entire Arena sequence when Williams new original music (available on the films soundtrack CD) was not used seems criminal, but ultimately by wearing both sound designer and editor hats Burnt had the final say. Lay being assistant editor on Revenge Of The Sits, and because Williams and Lucas held detailed spotting sessions (including what material was to be tracked), Bursts creative decisions were limited. Fortunately. The main reason for this, and the explanation for many fans bitter disappointment with the previous two prequel films, boils down to the belief that George Lucas is surrounded by yes men . Lucas will be ce rtain in his convictions towards certain aspects of the film, but then his producers and heads of departments will start working on talking him around to their way of thinking. This extract from The Final Chapter demonstrates this: Animator Shawn Kelly then plays a rough animation of a scene outside the Jed Temple when Obi-Wan and Wood are attacked, with Wood throwing his lightfaces through a storekeeper, jumping on the troopers chest, and pulling it out. *They do this a lot in video games, Kelly says. l like it, Lucas responds, but in theory. Dart Evader throws his lightfaces on the walkway , Knoll chimes in. Yeah! Lets do it, Rick interjects. Non want to think about it? Rob asks. l hate to say it, but it seems very UN-Jed, Lucas says. But these are difficult mimes, McCollum counters. A good Jed does not let goof his sword, Lucas protests, but adds, If Wood swings around, he could end up on his chest . -The matter is left hanging. When the final film was released the scene Of Wood throwing his lightfaces was in the final print, much to the dismay of many fans. It seems that Lucas, the man Who knows exactly What a Jed would or wouldnt do, could not say no to the people around him. Fortunately it seems he was much more resilient in terms of Williams scoring. Lucas knows how far to push Williams, as another extract from The Final Chapter reveals: As they go up the stairs, heading for the dining room, Lucas explains that after the spotting session, This is it. I wont hear the music until step onto the stage at Abbey Road Studios, Tears always the most exciting part, usually, love ninety percent of what Johnny has done. Of the other ten percent, might complain about five percent of it, and Johnny rewrites it during the weekend. The other five percent I stay quiet about Im sure much of Lucas faith in Williams comes not only from the wealth of experience that he brings with his compositions, but also that Williams scores are tremendously popular. Part of the popularity of Williams scores is that an audience can understand it and relate to it. If they went into Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets and were delivered a post-modern diatribe in atonality, they Would be severely disappointed. Although mostly diatonic in Origin, Williams is not afraid to use extreme dissonance (particularly to create tension with some Of the more horrific Dark Side moments of Evaders actions in Episode Ill) when the emotional and semiotic context of the film requires it. It is his knowledge Of how far to push the dissonance that makes all the difference. Certainly the agree of dissonance increases as the film works towards Manikins fall to the Dark Side. Williams brass parts in Episode Ill can be highly charged, such as in the opening space battle. Or mournfully solemn such as during Paid ©s final words to Obi Wan before her death. Station within the brass is prevalent for much of the action sequences, Williams either has an innate knowledge of how to create exciting action music, or over 46 years-worth of experience (if you are cynical), Brass station with either woodwind and strings, or full orchestral melodies have been his trademark, and in Revenge Of The Sits they are no experimented, Melodic focus is vital to Williams scores. Upon viewing Raiders to the Lost Ark (Indiana Jones), Superman, or Jaws, I debt anyone to not be able to whistle the main themes melody whilst leaving the screening. It is the balance of melody and accompaniment that makes Williams relevant. This is not to be completely sycophantic, there are some times where a lack of either discernible melodic strands or driving bass rhythm can just take the edge off the film, but they are rare moments in this picture The melodic material in this film is highly developed. Just taking the Force Theme (see Appendix: Star Wars Thematic Material) as an example unearths a variety of developments depending on the action. From the opening militaristic rendition (which indicates who the fighter pilots are before their faces are ever shown), to the disappointed woodwind version in the Jed Council chamber (which tells us how Obi Wan is feeling about his Old pedants impulsiveness as if the look on his face was not enough), to the triumphant trumpet blasts of Force as Wood defeats the Clones outside the Jed Temple; each character using the Force in different ways, each Force theme being used in different ways. There is only one rendition of Hoods theme FM The Empire Strikes Back, yet it is at its most touching. After having been rescued from the Clones by the Hookiest, Wood is given an escape pod and (much like E. Its exit from the film of the same name) escapes to the stars. At this point there is a subtle yet emotional strings and woodwind voicing of Hoods melodic theme from Episode V. Notably there are many references to the Imperial March. Although expected to be revealed in its fullest most powerful form (as in The Empire Strikes Back), it does not appear this way, having its moment of infamy at the close of Attack Of The Clones, where the taking off of the Republic arms ships railed the true beginnings to the Galactic Empire. However, it does appear in a number of forms, some incredibly subtle such as the harp chords when Palatine is rescued, some incredibly dramatic such as in the battle been Vodka and Dart Studious, The development of this theme throughout the film perfectly ties the Prequel trilogy and the Original trilogy together. The more sinister representations of this theme occur when the (not yet revealed to be evil) Chancellor Palatine is manipulating and clouding the judgment of the confused Nanking Jaywalker, though these sections are also punctuated with elements f the Emperors theme. Perhaps the most revealing suggestion of the Kiths corruption Of the Jed Order is the use Of the Imperial March theme When Nanking is in the Jed Council and is told he is not granted the rank of Master As Episode II ? Attack Of The Clones showed the blossoming love between Nanking and his wife Paid ©, so Williams created a musical motif to complement their closeness. Entitled Across The Stars (and often dubbed the Love Theme for expediency), this piece made up the majority of the Episode II score and returns in various (more and more disintegrating) versions within Revenge Of The Sits. From being harassed in mostly the same manner as the previous film when Nanking is first reunited with Paid © at their apartment (although with a wonderful solo violin countermanded akin to the more beautiful parts to James Newton Hoards The Village score), to the emotionally draining synthesized layerings whilst Nanking is deciding to intervene in the Chancellors arrest (CD soundtrack title Paid ©s Ruminations), this piece gradually fades away throughout the length tooth score, Not because Nanking feels any less for Paid ©, in fact, it is because he loves her so much that he becomes Evader, the ultimate in tragic_ irony, but because he Dark Side of the Force, and its musical connotations, are brought into the foreground. Eel at this point I should mention Paid ©s Ruminations; ever since Hans Shimmers wonderfully collaborative score with Lisa Gerard for Riddled Coots epic Gladiator (2000), ethereal, mellifluous female vocals have surfaced during intensely emotional scenes. He re, Williams foray into this use of the female voice adds fantastic insight into the scene. Where there is no dialogue, Williams can show the audience what the characters are thinking and feeling clearer than any lines Lucas could have put in the scene. The blending of the (synthesized) female vocal wailing, and synthesized exposition of the Love theme create such a strongly emotional scene that even Nanking makes his decision to stop Mace, as an audience you feel his pain too. .u1853ed6b60eeaa5808b7ca64967aae86 , .u1853ed6b60eeaa5808b7ca64967aae86 .postImageUrl , .u1853ed6b60eeaa5808b7ca64967aae86 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u1853ed6b60eeaa5808b7ca64967aae86 , .u1853ed6b60eeaa5808b7ca64967aae86:hover , .u1853ed6b60eeaa5808b7ca64967aae86:visited , .u1853ed6b60eeaa5808b7ca64967aae86:active { border:0!important; } .u1853ed6b60eeaa5808b7ca64967aae86 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u1853ed6b60eeaa5808b7ca64967aae86 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u1853ed6b60eeaa5808b7ca64967aae86:active , .u1853ed6b60eeaa5808b7ca64967aae86:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u1853ed6b60eeaa5808b7ca64967aae86 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u1853ed6b60eeaa5808b7ca64967aae86 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u1853ed6b60eeaa5808b7ca64967aae86 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u1853ed6b60eeaa5808b7ca64967aae86 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u1853ed6b60eeaa5808b7ca64967aae86:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u1853ed6b60eeaa5808b7ca64967aae86 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u1853ed6b60eeaa5808b7ca64967aae86 .u1853ed6b60eeaa5808b7ca64967aae86-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u1853ed6b60eeaa5808b7ca64967aae86:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Swot Analysis EssayAnother cue Of Williams at his most experimental in this film is a bizarre hybrid of scoring and source music; As Nanking meets With Chancellor Palatine in a Coruscate theatre, we are treated to the sight of a troupe of Moon Calamari performing an aerial / water ballet. Here Williams creates source music literally like nothing ever heard in Star Wars before. He uses the throat singing technique, with all the overtones and polyphony associated with it, to create a dramatic and ethereal musical experience. Through this scene Palatine divulges to Nanking the story of the Sits Master Dart Plagues, and as it progresses we hear less throat singing, and more lo w sinister strings and brass as the focus of the scene changes. This audacious balancing of source music and score creates a memorable musical experience. It is scenes like the Calamari ballet and Paid ©s Ruminations that show Williams at his most experimental, yet still making the score believable. It is with his more recent works like Revenge Of The Sits and Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Cabana that demonstrate an experimental edge and maturity that are a direct influence on the complimentary tone of this essay, Some of the enlightened academic criticism of film scoring as an art form and banging out tired old cliche ©s has been leveled at John Williams because he gives the audience a familiar frame of reference. It is with experimental scoring like the tuft scenes have mentioned that seem to confound the critics and endear his scores to those with more than a passing interest in film. One of the more memorable and emotional reverberations of original themes is the use Of Leis theme. First written for A New Hope in 1977, the theme that captures the beauty yet determination Of the First Daughter Of Alderman is reworked for the lead in to that particular episode. Unpredictably, it is not played when Leila herself is born, but on a French horn when Bail Organ tells Master Wood that he and his Wife will adopt her. Williams use of the French horn manages to convey the sadness that the tubing are being split up, yet still retains a glimmer of hope. The theme also appears with an orchestral backing when Bail actually does present Leila to his wife in their palace on Alderman. This is striking in that it establishes a bizarre paradox where chronologically Williams uses material he has already composed some thirty years previously, yet in the chronology of the films story he is merely alluding to music that will become much more familiar in the next episode, The absence of Luck ©s theme is just as striking. As this theme also serves as the Main Title in its most triumphant reincarnation, it has not been heard within the context of the films since 1 asss Return To The Jed. After Luke is born at the end of Revenge Of The Sits, and in the Binary Sunset reverberation, it returns with the string section optimistically looking foamed with Luke as a new hope for the galaxy. The main title of every Star Wars film opens in the same way: The 20th Century Fox fanfare and logo (composed by Alfred Newman in 1954 and used as the studios trademark before all their films) followed by the Localism logo. Immediately afterwards the Star Wars title card flies away from the viewer before the story exposition text crawl slides up the screen before fading into the distance and giving way to the action. This continuity (it happens in each of the six films, the only difference being the textual content of the crawl) imbues the saga with a sense fulfillment: you know what you are going to get at the opening. In fact, having seen Episode Ill on its opening night, the first beat Of the Main Title music was received vivid raucous cheering and applause! They knew that this was the last in the series, a poignancy made even more apparent by the Luke theme at the close of the film. The ending rendition of the Main Title serves just as important a function in the tradition Of Star Wars scores. Throughout all ix films, and Revenge Of The Sits being no exception, the final scoring scene builds up to a climax that segues into the same ending arrangement of the Main title theme. This then continues through the reverberation of various pieces (for example Episode Ill cycles through the Main Title, then Leis Theme, then Battle of The Heroes) before finalizing with a triumphant concluding rendition of the Main Title. This not only creates a framework for scoring the end credits sequence, but once more demonstrates the continuity been all six pictures in the saga. It is not just character leitmotifs that Williams has revisited during his film, but also situation themes, In Episode The Phantom Menace, Quiz-Goon Jinns funeral pyre was accompanied by a lamentations choir, and in Revenge Of The Sits he revisits the powerful funeral dirge for paid ©5 funeral band indeed the rebirth of Dart Evader). The orchestration for Episode Oils funeral is again a more mature and sensitive approach, to the extent that the cinema screening saw had many a glistening eye Battle themes are a staple within the Star Wars universe; the clash of lighteners mostly always accompanied by some dramatic Williams scoring (although interestingly a lot of the opening Obi Wan Nanking s. Took duel is unsecured). In The Phantom Menace Williams blended 180 voice strong Sanskrit choral favor with driving brass station and a woodwind countermanded in the dramatic Duel Of the gates. This cue reappears in its exact original form in Revenge Of The Sits when Master Wood and the Emperor are dueling in the Senate Chamber. The tracking here is deliberate, the newly composed previous cue Nanking vs.. Obi Wan concludes with the same chord as the opening choral blast of Duel of the Pates; a prefect segue between the two. Nanking Vs.. Obi Wan, instantly passing the hospitality test has a new 9 note elodea over a driving brass station, and through the course of the Mustard battle picks up choral and brass voicing of the Force theme, with emotionally tragic overtones. This battle theme is typical Star Wars pomp and spectacle, the music matching the quality of the storytelling, and the dazzling special effects. It is through his music that emotionally Williams can switch in a heartbeat from influencing the way the audience feels, to demonstrating exactly how a particular character is telling. Yet emotional context is not all the score tort Episode Ill is limited to. The trademark wipe scene transitions associated with the Star Wars alms are back in Revenge Of The Sits, and with them come very slight musical fanfares or transitional lead-ins to accompany the visuals. Some are literally just moments, such as the flight over night-time Coruscate before the reveal of Nanking and Paid ©s apartment, overhears others, such as the transition of Obi Wan flying down onto taupe, lead into a more extended musical passage. Underscoring dialogue is vital in Star Wars, especially in Episode Ill as most of the films running time is musical. However I feel that Burnt sometimes mixes the music too low for it to be as effective as the composer intended. But, when al is said and done that is his responsibility and not the composers. Marrying music With image is also important. Whether it is a sinister anti-fanfare heralding Grievous arrival on the bridge of his ship, or a timpani roll just before Nanking decapitates Count Took, the music just adds an extra layer Of depth to the picture. Williams is also not afraid to hit the action where appropriate; not in a cartoon bonk splash fashion, but, for example, where Grievous is advancing on Obi Wan with his sabers twirling, and at the exact moment Obi Wan lunges at the General, only to have his strike blocked, the dramatic music licks in with gusto. It is the diverse roles of Williams music within Episode Ill Revenge Of The Sits, punctuating action scenes, influencing the emotions of the audience, explaining the emotions of characters, underscoring dialogue, transitioning between scenes and locations, that am certain contribute to the success of Revenge Of The Sits, And a film that in only one showing at 12. 01 am on its opening day can make $16. 5 million cannot be deemed anything but successful.
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