Toilet Paper Icebreaker Games

Social and business gatherings can be awkward at first, especially if participants dont know each other. Icebreaker games can help a host solve that problem and motivate guests  to break through their initial social fears, leading to a productive meeting or event. Try this toilet paper game to grease the social wheels. Grab a Roll Youll need little preparation. Just grab a full roll of toilet paper from the bathroom, and then: Take the roll of toilet paper, pull off several squares before handing it to another person and asking him to do the same.Continue this until all guests have grabbed a few pieces.Once everyone in the room has taken some toilet paper, each person counts the number of squares that she has grabbed and then tells everyone that number things about herself.For example, if someone has three squares, he would share three things about himself. Give an Example If you have a particularly shy group, spark the discussion with an example, suggests  Beat by Beat, a website focusing on drama and theater. The website gives the following example: If Isabel took five sheets, then, she might say: I like to dance.My favorite color is purple.I have a dog named Sammy.This summer I went to Hawaii.I’m really afraid of snakes. Beat by Beat says that you will also learn about participants personalities based on who took a greater number of sheets compared to those who tore off only a few. Extending the Game Leadership Geeks, a website focusing on leadership skills and team building, suggests extending this seemingly simple game to foster team-building, work habits, and social skills. After all of the  participants have torn off a few pieces of toilet paper and you have explained the rules of the game, notes the website: You may hear laughter and groaning when some realize they took too many squares.End the session by sharing a humorous moral: â€Å"Sometimes excess can be bad for you!†Ask participants: How many of you took more than what you knew you would need just in case? What does that say about your approach to life in general?What are some interesting things you have learned about your fellow participants? You can dissolve uncomfortable distinctions between those hoarding a large number of pieces and those who only grabbed two or three. Afterward, have everyone throw their sheets into the center, says Beat by Beat. This represents all the new information we now know about each other. Its amazing how much social traction you can gain with a simple bathroom supply. And, regardless of how many sheets participants tore off, youre likely to have plenty of paper left on the roll for your next event.

Defining The Area Of Intellectual Property Law That...

The term of ‘copyright’ used to describe the area of intellectual property law that regulates copyrighted work such as book, songs, films and computer programs. This is governed by Copyright, Designs, and Patents Act 1998 (CDPA). Sec 1 of CDPA give the creator right to protect over literary, artistic, musical and dramatic work as well as film, sound recordings and typographical arrangements. This concept expressed in Art 2 of TRIPS that it protects the expression of an idea. However, when an idea could only be expressed in one particular way, it won’t t be protected because it would monopolise the idea. As to general rule, infringement requires â€Å"substantial part† of work to be copied that refers to quality, not quantity. It should be†¦show more content†¦The recent exemptions as of 1 October 2014, intended for personal copies for private use and also quotation and parody. These changes arose by Gowers Review 2006 and the Hargreaves Review 2011. The reasoning was to make it fit for purpose in digital age, deliver economic growth, and confer greater freedom for certain bodies. However, this changes is likely to affect businesses, publisher, individual and institutions who deal in copyright works. A landmark case on private use exemption can refer in Basca and others v Secretary of State for Business Innovation Skills. This case significance to Section 28B of CDPA, any person who legitimately acquired content (music, film and books) could copy the work for private use and could storage onto other format without infringing. Here, a number of music industry bodies sought a judicial review on the basis that Section 28B failed to provide a fair compensation to right holders. Article 5(2)(b) of InfoSoc Directive permits member states to came up with private copy exception if the copy for private use caused no more than minimal harm to copyright holders, otherwise compensation would be payable. In UK, government create an exception which caused zero or minimal harm to right holders and implemented a narrow concept which is only for purchaser, thus copying by family, friends or within a social circle is not permitted. The value of copying in the exception built into the initial price of content by

CELTA skills related tasks free essay sample

I have chosen a reading text titled â€Å"How to be a good traveller† due to travel’s relevance to the students. All of our students are from another country, and many of them have expressed desires to visit other countries. A text that gives good advice for travelers to follow should prove both interesting and useful to the students. The receptive skills tasks I designed for this lesson will focus on reading for gist and reading for specific information. Students could also read for detail or attempt to make predictions. However, since some students left their home country for the first time to come to San Diego, their lack of traveling experience may make it difficult to make predictions about the advice contained in the text. The chosen receptive skills tasks will help the students practice skimming and scanning. Harmer defines skimming as looking over a text to get a general idea of what it is about. We will write a custom essay sample on CELTA skills related tasks or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page (Harmer 2007:101) He defines scanning as looking through a text without having to read every word or line to find particular bits of information they are searching for. (Harmer 2007:100) The reading for gist task will provide the skimming practice, and the reading for specific information task will provide the scanning practice. The tasks were also chosen to place an emphasis on extensive reading rather than intensive reading. Scrivener defines intensive reading as â€Å"reading texts closely and carefully with the intention of gaining an understanding of as much detail as possible,† and he goes on to say that this typically involves rereading a text numerous times to find more and more information and to ensure correct interpretation. (Scrivener 2005:188) This can be contrasted with extensive reading, which he defines as â€Å"fluent, faster reading, often of longer texts, for pleasure, entertainment and general understanding, but without such careful attention to the details,† and he states that â€Å"when we don’t understand words or small sections, we usually just keep going, maybe only coming back when there has been a major breakdown in our understanding. † (Scrivener 2005:188) He also makes the very valid point that we tend to do much more extensive reading in everyday life than intensive reading. For the productive skills practice, the students will be put in groups for discussion. Students will first consider the advice in the text and decide what is and is not relevant to their time in San Diego. Once they have come to a consensus on that matter, they will attempt to come up with some advice of their own tailored specifically to San Diego. While I am not familiar with the background of each individual student, the vast majority have been in San Diego for at least a month or two. This will hopefully provide enough experience to give each of them a few ideas to contribute. Alternatively, the students could be grouped for role play with one or more playing the part of visiting foreigners and the others playing the part of locals as they try to put the given advice into practice. Given the variety of nationalities participating in the class, each could play a different sort of local and bring a small part of their own culture to the activity. However, such a task may require more scripting than I would prefer for such an activity. Scrivener gives a number of obstacles that might hinder students’ ability and desire to contribute to the discussion, and I believe the activity handles them. He includes â€Å"no interest in the subject, no relevant knowledge or experience, no motivation, no desire or perceived need to speak about it and worst of all, a slight panic. † (Scrivener 2005:149) Travel has already been established as an area of interest to at least a majority of students. As they have all left their home countries to come to San Diego, they clearly have at least a little knowledge and experience with traveling to foreign lands. I believe the wide range of cultures the students have come from should give them enough difference in perspective to perceive a need to speak and contribute their own individual ideas, and these different perspectives should motivate them to do so. The productive skills activity also meets Scrivener’s definition of a communicative activity, in which â€Å"learners use the language they are learning to interact in realist and meaningful ways,† generally to fill an information gap. He describes an information gap as â€Å"when one of us has information that another does not have,† and he lists facts, opinions, ideas, and instructions as examples. (Scrivener 2005:152) The students will each bring some variety to their group to provide information gaps. This will come from their traveling experiences, their time in San Diego, and the perspective they bring from their home cultures. At the end of the activity, I would elicit responses to the task questions from the groups. Word count: 809 Bibliography Scrivener, Jim. Learning Teaching: A Guidebook for English Language Teachers. Oxford: Macmillan, 2005. Print. Harmer, Jeremy. How to Teach English. Harlow: Pearson Longman, 2007. Print. What’s the Title? Read the text and decide which of the following titles fits best. 1) Traveling in China 2) When, Where, and How to Haggle 3) How to be a Good Traveler 4) Differences between Cultures Find the Mistakes Mark each sentences T for true or F for false. If the sentence is false, fix it in the larger blank below. 1) The author’s hosts got angry when he spoke their language poorly. ___ 2) If you can’t speak the native language, you may be able to speak a shared language. ___  3) The guard on the train thought it was funny that the author had to sit between carriages. ___ 4) Things usually go smoothly when you have to meet a deadline while traveling. ___ 5) When in a country where people haggle, you should stop haggling if you stop enjoying it. ___ 6) If an official is being unreasonable, be polite, stand your ground, and don’t lose your temper. ___ 7) You and your host both get more out of the experience if they learn about you and your country. ___ 8) Gifts are a good substitute for getting to know people. __ 9) A little research can help you find things people in your destination country will find useful or interesting, like the ‘beautiful game’ of soccer in many countries. ___ 10) You should get permission before taking a picture of someone. ___ Do You Have Any Other Advice? Think about the advice in the text. Is it all good advice? Is it all relevant to visiting San Diego? Is there any extra advice you would like to give to someone who was about to come to visit San Diego? Consider your experiences with people and places since arriving in San Diego. Discuss these questions with your group. Answer Keys What’s the Title? 3) How to Be a Good Traveler Find the Mistakes 1) F – They thought it was very entertaining 2) T 3) F – The guard took pity and brought him to his carriage 4) F – Things often start to unravel 5) T 6) T 7) T 8) F – Gifts are nice, but they are not a good substitute. 9) T 10) T Do You Have Any Other Advice? These questions largely have subjective answers. Haggling, however, is a rarity in America, and students should take note that it may not be relevant for San Diego except in exceptional cases.

Star Wars Episode Score Analysis Essay Example For Students

Star Wars Episode Score Analysis Essay Lucas, never having been a conventional filmmaker, completed the tar wars (Original) Trilogy (CT) with Return Of The Jed in 1983 (see Appendix: Synopses). However the original Star Wars premise was off 9 episode epic. The TO was the middle three films (Episode IV A New Hope, Episode V The Empire Strikes Back. And Episode VI Return Of The Jed) and many fans thought that with Return Of The Jed the saga was complete. However, in 1999 Lucas released Episode I ? The Phantom Menace, This began the prequel Trilogy (P T) which culminated in 2005 with Episode Ill Revenge Of The Sits Working in this way has not only meant that the look and design elements of the film (2005 costumes and sets maintaining continuity with 1977 counterparts) have had to be carefully monitored, but have given John Williams a wealth of previous themes and styles in which to work in. We will write a custom essay on Star Wars Episode Score Analysis specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Personally, I believe this to be the best Star Wars score; both as a stand alone piece of film scoring (as it complements the film excellently) but also acts as the shining jewel within the six film crown. Through the recommendation of their mutual friend Steven Spielberg, Lucas and Williams union resulted in the resounding, nearly unheard-of success of the Star Wars soundtrack. Yet Lacunas use Of an operatic score in A New Hope caused some o raise their eyebrows. M,hen George started A New Hope, in the mid-asses, sound designer Ben Burnt remembers, the trend was not to have densely scored movies. Music was used sparingly by todays standards. Lucas nevertheless went on to order a soundtrack that played for much of the films running time . A New Hope went on to win Williams an Academy Award for his score that year And that was just the beginning of a successful collaboration. Part of this success has been continuity. Not only has Williams drawn on his previous material from the Star Wars saga for this film, but he has used, as with all the Star Wars films, the London Symphony Orchestra (I-SO) and (certainly for the PET) the London Voices choir. Despite working in a multitude of ways and scoring a wide variety of films, it is ironic that Williams is best known for his grand orchestral scores, like Jurassic Park, Indiana Jones and Star Wars. It is no coincidence that these films are part of a series, and for each film in the series Williams has been invited back to do the scoring. The massive scale of the ALSO has always been integral to the Star Wars films, but in Episode Ill Williams carefully blends synthesized vocal work into the fabric of the score. Williams uses the various sections of the orchestra to great effect. One could suggest that strings and woodwind moments could be quite natural for lush, romantic scenes, whereas brass and percussion will be batteries moments within the film. However, it is Williams art that he can juxtapose instruments in classically inopportune moments, yet still create a fantastic score. One Of Williams pet preferences is the use Of the French horn. Throughout the Star Wars films the French horn has always had prominence during the more emotional, quieter moments. For example, the Binary Sunset cone in A New Hope (where Luke looks out over twin sunsets on Tattooing from outside his uncles friar) featured a French horn version of the Force Theme, which is also revisited note-for-note as Uncle Owen holds the newborn Luke in his arms looking out over a Binary Sunset at the close of Episode Ill. The solo French horn also plays a version of the Leila theme as the infant Leila is presented by Bail Organ to his wife. Not only do instrumentations choices such as this imbue the Episode Ill score with a sense of continuity within the compass of John Williams work, but also establishes itself as a score in a larger collection to Star Wars scores. The use of the ALSO (a 100+ piece orchestra) and the London Voices (an over 180 strong choir) gives a large degree of, well, force, to the recordings. When Williams thinks a French horn solo will give the best results, he uses a 5010 French horn (such as the Binary Sunset homage on Tattooing), and if he thinks that the French horn is the instrument of choice but needs a thicker texture, or more resolute timbre then will write for all four horns (Timothy Jones, David Patty, John Ryan and Jonathan Lipton It is this integral knowledge of how far to extend parts to instruments that is Williams forte. Williams can write in a myriad of different styles and genres. Perhaps no coincidence that his most well loved scores (most of which have a predominance of large orchestras) happen to be the biggest grossing films at the box Office. Prom E_T, Indiana Jones, Jurassic Park, (in fact, think almost every Steven Spielberg film) to the recent Harry Potter films, large dramatic orchestra has been the way to go. Still, it is With films like Minority Report, Jaws (his first Oscar-winner), Saving Private Ryan, Chandlers List, AAA. Nixon, that emotional context and delicacy become just as important to Williams. Through Star Wars and his other big-orchestral works he can indulge his clear influences from the likes of Erich Gordon (himself an Oscar winner for The Adventures of Robin Hood (1938) ) and become the forefather of the modern film score. Starting in the asses with the likes of Gordon, big orchestral scores were popular until the experimental ass and ass where jazz, world music and other influences would saturate the scoring community. However, with the score for the then titled Star Wars (since renamed Episode IV A New Hope), Williams returned the big orchestra to the tray, where it has resided ever since. Part to the effectiveness of Williams A New Hope score was his extensive use of the leitmotif device. In music drama, this is a marked melodic phrase or short passage which always accompanies the reappearance of a certain person, situation, abstract idea, or allusion in the course of the play; a sort of musical label. Also appears as a dominant and recurring theme. With origins in the operas of Wagner, who wrote particular melodic or harmonic passages that the audience associated with certain characters such as the Sigmund theme from Wagers teratology Deer Ring Des Unbelieving, Williams use of leitmotifs throughout the 30 year history of Star Wars is never more evident than in Revenge Of The Sits The Force Theme, Luaus Theme and Leis Theme all appeared in A New Hope and return in various (and perhaps their most emotional) guises in Revenge Of The Sits. The Imperial March (often quoted as Dart Evaders Theme although differs from the A New Hope Evader theme), and Hoods Theme from The Empire Strikes Back return. Also returning is the Emperors Theme from Return Of The Jed. It is through the use Of these themes and tracked music from the PET that Williams creates a sense Of continuity between the preceding five films and Revenge Of The Sits. In terms of this score, Williams himself said in The Making of Star Wars: Revenge Of The Sits The Final Chapter by J. W. Reindeer: My first impression, whenever George shows me these films, is usually, My God, so much? Im not going to be able to write all that. Because it goes from scene to scene, battle to battle, and fight to fight, I have to confess its always a little bit daunting when I first see these things. May ask George something like, how many weeks did you say weve got to do this in? And hell tell me and we laugh, This is a very important trend with the Star Wars films even more 50 than in Williams canon as a whole: there is a lot of scoring in Star Wars. The majority of the film is scored; perhaps as much as of the final two hour twenty minute running time has music added. Add that to the fact that these films have an awful lot of post production and visual effects shots to be completed before release, and its no wonder that Williams often appears in danger of running out of time to write and record the pieces for this film. One of the main elements of this score has surfaced numerous times throughout the Star Wars saga, which is the process Of tracking. With such a back catalogue Of themes and recordings o look back on, much of the thematic material is used in new ways (one of the predominant examples is the appearance throughout all the films Of the Force theme in its various guises), and some is literally taken from previous recordings and used in the final film. Not only does this alleviate slightly the burden of work on Williams, but also thematically links all six films together. For example, the opening shot of the Battle of Shaky could have had some original music composed and recorded, but a track from Episode The Phantom Menace entitled Activate The Droids, has not only been established as a theme for a Attlee within the Star Wars universe, but fits the action cue too. It seems in terms of tracking within Revenge Of The Sits that (Sound Designer) Ben art, has not massacred Williams score like he did in Attack Of The Clones, where much of the Arena duel was not scored even though Williams wrote exceptional music for that scene (in a curious twist much of Williams unused music from the Arena is tracked into Episode Ill), but rather Lucas and Williams have sat down and spotted exactly where new music needs composing, and where tracking of specific previous material is acceptable. This can be seen from the Nanking vs.. .u489f6d087553d22d4932223514594f75 , .u489f6d087553d22d4932223514594f75 .postImageUrl , .u489f6d087553d22d4932223514594f75 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u489f6d087553d22d4932223514594f75 , .u489f6d087553d22d4932223514594f75:hover , .u489f6d087553d22d4932223514594f75:visited , .u489f6d087553d22d4932223514594f75:active { border:0!important; } .u489f6d087553d22d4932223514594f75 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u489f6d087553d22d4932223514594f75 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u489f6d087553d22d4932223514594f75:active , .u489f6d087553d22d4932223514594f75:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u489f6d087553d22d4932223514594f75 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u489f6d087553d22d4932223514594f75 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u489f6d087553d22d4932223514594f75 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u489f6d087553d22d4932223514594f75 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u489f6d087553d22d4932223514594f75:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u489f6d087553d22d4932223514594f75 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u489f6d087553d22d4932223514594f75 .u489f6d087553d22d4932223514594f75-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u489f6d087553d22d4932223514594f75:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Dead Poets Society Character Analysis EssayObi Wan cue, which ends on the exact same chord that segues into the opening choir of Duel of the Fates from The Phantom Menace. Most of the tracking of the music in the film was exemplary, with only a few exceptions Although, like most avid listeners of Williams music expected to hear the Imperial March when Evader climbs the steps to the Jed Temple, the absence of it, and its predominance at the close of Attack Of The Clones, made much more sense in context than would have initially predicted. Some fans Of Star Wars and Williams in general seem to focus too much on associating a piece of music With a particular scene, rather than as a cue in itself. For example, When Wood confronts Studious in his office, a highly dramatists version of the Imperial March theme is heard, and as Studious is the Empire, this music fits so well With the scene. However, some fans complain that this is the music from The Empire Strikes Back final duel and cant see past this to discover how well it fits with the scene In listening to the CD soundtrack release, it is clear that during certain scenes, such as the CD tracks Nanking vs.. Obi-Wan and Enter Lord Evader have added percussion parts that seem to be additions by the sound design apartment. It seems similar to Ben arts additions to the Attack Of The Clones Druid F-actors sequence; luckily Lucas did not like the metallic percussive sound effects and asked John Williams to score that sequence instead! This raises an interesting question regarding ownership and collaboration within the motion picture business. Many critics of film scoring see it as an interior side of music, merely bashing out the same tired old cliche ©s time and again, They do not see the craftsmanship involved in weaving a tapestry of musical ideas that complement the moving images so succinctly and successfully. I personally believe that film scoring is one of the best forms of musical expression available, and at a commercial level is one of the most effective ways of distributing your material too vivid audience. The question that has to be asked is to what extent is the composer in charge of their material? Certainly in Attack Of The Clones Ben Bursts decision to track the entire Arena sequence when Williams new original music (available on the films soundtrack CD) was not used seems criminal, but ultimately by wearing both sound designer and editor hats Burnt had the final say. Lay being assistant editor on Revenge Of The Sits, and because Williams and Lucas held detailed spotting sessions (including what material was to be tracked), Bursts creative decisions were limited. Fortunately. The main reason for this, and the explanation for many fans bitter disappointment with the previous two prequel films, boils down to the belief that George Lucas is surrounded by yes men . Lucas will be ce rtain in his convictions towards certain aspects of the film, but then his producers and heads of departments will start working on talking him around to their way of thinking. This extract from The Final Chapter demonstrates this: Animator Shawn Kelly then plays a rough animation of a scene outside the Jed Temple when Obi-Wan and Wood are attacked, with Wood throwing his lightfaces through a storekeeper, jumping on the troopers chest, and pulling it out. *They do this a lot in video games, Kelly says. l like it, Lucas responds, but in theory. Dart Evader throws his lightfaces on the walkway , Knoll chimes in. Yeah! Lets do it, Rick interjects. Non want to think about it? Rob asks. l hate to say it, but it seems very UN-Jed, Lucas says. But these are difficult mimes, McCollum counters. A good Jed does not let goof his sword, Lucas protests, but adds, If Wood swings around, he could end up on his chest . -The matter is left hanging. When the final film was released the scene Of Wood throwing his lightfaces was in the final print, much to the dismay of many fans. It seems that Lucas, the man Who knows exactly What a Jed would or wouldnt do, could not say no to the people around him. Fortunately it seems he was much more resilient in terms of Williams scoring. Lucas knows how far to push Williams, as another extract from The Final Chapter reveals: As they go up the stairs, heading for the dining room, Lucas explains that after the spotting session, This is it. I wont hear the music until step onto the stage at Abbey Road Studios, Tears always the most exciting part, usually, love ninety percent of what Johnny has done. Of the other ten percent, might complain about five percent of it, and Johnny rewrites it during the weekend. The other five percent I stay quiet about Im sure much of Lucas faith in Williams comes not only from the wealth of experience that he brings with his compositions, but also that Williams scores are tremendously popular. Part of the popularity of Williams scores is that an audience can understand it and relate to it. If they went into Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets and were delivered a post-modern diatribe in atonality, they Would be severely disappointed. Although mostly diatonic in Origin, Williams is not afraid to use extreme dissonance (particularly to create tension with some Of the more horrific Dark Side moments of Evaders actions in Episode Ill) when the emotional and semiotic context of the film requires it. It is his knowledge Of how far to push the dissonance that makes all the difference. Certainly the agree of dissonance increases as the film works towards Manikins fall to the Dark Side. Williams brass parts in Episode Ill can be highly charged, such as in the opening space battle. Or mournfully solemn such as during Paid ©s final words to Obi Wan before her death. Station within the brass is prevalent for much of the action sequences, Williams either has an innate knowledge of how to create exciting action music, or over 46 years-worth of experience (if you are cynical), Brass station with either woodwind and strings, or full orchestral melodies have been his trademark, and in Revenge Of The Sits they are no experimented, Melodic focus is vital to Williams scores. Upon viewing Raiders to the Lost Ark (Indiana Jones), Superman, or Jaws, I debt anyone to not be able to whistle the main themes melody whilst leaving the screening. It is the balance of melody and accompaniment that makes Williams relevant. This is not to be completely sycophantic, there are some times where a lack of either discernible melodic strands or driving bass rhythm can just take the edge off the film, but they are rare moments in this picture The melodic material in this film is highly developed. Just taking the Force Theme (see Appendix: Star Wars Thematic Material) as an example unearths a variety of developments depending on the action. From the opening militaristic rendition (which indicates who the fighter pilots are before their faces are ever shown), to the disappointed woodwind version in the Jed Council chamber (which tells us how Obi Wan is feeling about his Old pedants impulsiveness as if the look on his face was not enough), to the triumphant trumpet blasts of Force as Wood defeats the Clones outside the Jed Temple; each character using the Force in different ways, each Force theme being used in different ways. There is only one rendition of Hoods theme FM The Empire Strikes Back, yet it is at its most touching. After having been rescued from the Clones by the Hookiest, Wood is given an escape pod and (much like E. Its exit from the film of the same name) escapes to the stars. At this point there is a subtle yet emotional strings and woodwind voicing of Hoods melodic theme from Episode V. Notably there are many references to the Imperial March. Although expected to be revealed in its fullest most powerful form (as in The Empire Strikes Back), it does not appear this way, having its moment of infamy at the close of Attack Of The Clones, where the taking off of the Republic arms ships railed the true beginnings to the Galactic Empire. However, it does appear in a number of forms, some incredibly subtle such as the harp chords when Palatine is rescued, some incredibly dramatic such as in the battle been Vodka and Dart Studious, The development of this theme throughout the film perfectly ties the Prequel trilogy and the Original trilogy together. The more sinister representations of this theme occur when the (not yet revealed to be evil) Chancellor Palatine is manipulating and clouding the judgment of the confused Nanking Jaywalker, though these sections are also punctuated with elements f the Emperors theme. Perhaps the most revealing suggestion of the Kiths corruption Of the Jed Order is the use Of the Imperial March theme When Nanking is in the Jed Council and is told he is not granted the rank of Master As Episode II ? Attack Of The Clones showed the blossoming love between Nanking and his wife Paid ©, so Williams created a musical motif to complement their closeness. Entitled Across The Stars (and often dubbed the Love Theme for expediency), this piece made up the majority of the Episode II score and returns in various (more and more disintegrating) versions within Revenge Of The Sits. From being harassed in mostly the same manner as the previous film when Nanking is first reunited with Paid © at their apartment (although with a wonderful solo violin countermanded akin to the more beautiful parts to James Newton Hoards The Village score), to the emotionally draining synthesized layerings whilst Nanking is deciding to intervene in the Chancellors arrest (CD soundtrack title Paid ©s Ruminations), this piece gradually fades away throughout the length tooth score, Not because Nanking feels any less for Paid ©, in fact, it is because he loves her so much that he becomes Evader, the ultimate in tragic_ irony, but because he Dark Side of the Force, and its musical connotations, are brought into the foreground. Eel at this point I should mention Paid ©s Ruminations; ever since Hans Shimmers wonderfully collaborative score with Lisa Gerard for Riddled Coots epic Gladiator (2000), ethereal, mellifluous female vocals have surfaced during intensely emotional scenes. He re, Williams foray into this use of the female voice adds fantastic insight into the scene. Where there is no dialogue, Williams can show the audience what the characters are thinking and feeling clearer than any lines Lucas could have put in the scene. The blending of the (synthesized) female vocal wailing, and synthesized exposition of the Love theme create such a strongly emotional scene that even Nanking makes his decision to stop Mace, as an audience you feel his pain too. .u1853ed6b60eeaa5808b7ca64967aae86 , .u1853ed6b60eeaa5808b7ca64967aae86 .postImageUrl , .u1853ed6b60eeaa5808b7ca64967aae86 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u1853ed6b60eeaa5808b7ca64967aae86 , .u1853ed6b60eeaa5808b7ca64967aae86:hover , .u1853ed6b60eeaa5808b7ca64967aae86:visited , .u1853ed6b60eeaa5808b7ca64967aae86:active { border:0!important; } .u1853ed6b60eeaa5808b7ca64967aae86 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u1853ed6b60eeaa5808b7ca64967aae86 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u1853ed6b60eeaa5808b7ca64967aae86:active , .u1853ed6b60eeaa5808b7ca64967aae86:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u1853ed6b60eeaa5808b7ca64967aae86 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u1853ed6b60eeaa5808b7ca64967aae86 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u1853ed6b60eeaa5808b7ca64967aae86 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u1853ed6b60eeaa5808b7ca64967aae86 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u1853ed6b60eeaa5808b7ca64967aae86:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u1853ed6b60eeaa5808b7ca64967aae86 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u1853ed6b60eeaa5808b7ca64967aae86 .u1853ed6b60eeaa5808b7ca64967aae86-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u1853ed6b60eeaa5808b7ca64967aae86:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Swot Analysis EssayAnother cue Of Williams at his most experimental in this film is a bizarre hybrid of scoring and source music; As Nanking meets With Chancellor Palatine in a Coruscate theatre, we are treated to the sight of a troupe of Moon Calamari performing an aerial / water ballet. Here Williams creates source music literally like nothing ever heard in Star Wars before. He uses the throat singing technique, with all the overtones and polyphony associated with it, to create a dramatic and ethereal musical experience. Through this scene Palatine divulges to Nanking the story of the Sits Master Dart Plagues, and as it progresses we hear less throat singing, and more lo w sinister strings and brass as the focus of the scene changes. This audacious balancing of source music and score creates a memorable musical experience. It is scenes like the Calamari ballet and Paid ©s Ruminations that show Williams at his most experimental, yet still making the score believable. It is with his more recent works like Revenge Of The Sits and Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Cabana that demonstrate an experimental edge and maturity that are a direct influence on the complimentary tone of this essay, Some of the enlightened academic criticism of film scoring as an art form and banging out tired old cliche ©s has been leveled at John Williams because he gives the audience a familiar frame of reference. It is with experimental scoring like the tuft scenes have mentioned that seem to confound the critics and endear his scores to those with more than a passing interest in film. One of the more memorable and emotional reverberations of original themes is the use Of Leis theme. First written for A New Hope in 1977, the theme that captures the beauty yet determination Of the First Daughter Of Alderman is reworked for the lead in to that particular episode. Unpredictably, it is not played when Leila herself is born, but on a French horn when Bail Organ tells Master Wood that he and his Wife will adopt her. Williams use of the French horn manages to convey the sadness that the tubing are being split up, yet still retains a glimmer of hope. The theme also appears with an orchestral backing when Bail actually does present Leila to his wife in their palace on Alderman. This is striking in that it establishes a bizarre paradox where chronologically Williams uses material he has already composed some thirty years previously, yet in the chronology of the films story he is merely alluding to music that will become much more familiar in the next episode, The absence of Luck ©s theme is just as striking. As this theme also serves as the Main Title in its most triumphant reincarnation, it has not been heard within the context of the films since 1 asss Return To The Jed. After Luke is born at the end of Revenge Of The Sits, and in the Binary Sunset reverberation, it returns with the string section optimistically looking foamed with Luke as a new hope for the galaxy. The main title of every Star Wars film opens in the same way: The 20th Century Fox fanfare and logo (composed by Alfred Newman in 1954 and used as the studios trademark before all their films) followed by the Localism logo. Immediately afterwards the Star Wars title card flies away from the viewer before the story exposition text crawl slides up the screen before fading into the distance and giving way to the action. This continuity (it happens in each of the six films, the only difference being the textual content of the crawl) imbues the saga with a sense fulfillment: you know what you are going to get at the opening. In fact, having seen Episode Ill on its opening night, the first beat Of the Main Title music was received vivid raucous cheering and applause! They knew that this was the last in the series, a poignancy made even more apparent by the Luke theme at the close of the film. The ending rendition of the Main Title serves just as important a function in the tradition Of Star Wars scores. Throughout all ix films, and Revenge Of The Sits being no exception, the final scoring scene builds up to a climax that segues into the same ending arrangement of the Main title theme. This then continues through the reverberation of various pieces (for example Episode Ill cycles through the Main Title, then Leis Theme, then Battle of The Heroes) before finalizing with a triumphant concluding rendition of the Main Title. This not only creates a framework for scoring the end credits sequence, but once more demonstrates the continuity been all six pictures in the saga. It is not just character leitmotifs that Williams has revisited during his film, but also situation themes, In Episode The Phantom Menace, Quiz-Goon Jinns funeral pyre was accompanied by a lamentations choir, and in Revenge Of The Sits he revisits the powerful funeral dirge for paid ©5 funeral band indeed the rebirth of Dart Evader). The orchestration for Episode Oils funeral is again a more mature and sensitive approach, to the extent that the cinema screening saw had many a glistening eye Battle themes are a staple within the Star Wars universe; the clash of lighteners mostly always accompanied by some dramatic Williams scoring (although interestingly a lot of the opening Obi Wan Nanking s. Took duel is unsecured). In The Phantom Menace Williams blended 180 voice strong Sanskrit choral favor with driving brass station and a woodwind countermanded in the dramatic Duel Of the gates. This cue reappears in its exact original form in Revenge Of The Sits when Master Wood and the Emperor are dueling in the Senate Chamber. The tracking here is deliberate, the newly composed previous cue Nanking vs.. Obi Wan concludes with the same chord as the opening choral blast of Duel of the Pates; a prefect segue between the two. Nanking Vs.. Obi Wan, instantly passing the hospitality test has a new 9 note elodea over a driving brass station, and through the course of the Mustard battle picks up choral and brass voicing of the Force theme, with emotionally tragic overtones. This battle theme is typical Star Wars pomp and spectacle, the music matching the quality of the storytelling, and the dazzling special effects. It is through his music that emotionally Williams can switch in a heartbeat from influencing the way the audience feels, to demonstrating exactly how a particular character is telling. Yet emotional context is not all the score tort Episode Ill is limited to. The trademark wipe scene transitions associated with the Star Wars alms are back in Revenge Of The Sits, and with them come very slight musical fanfares or transitional lead-ins to accompany the visuals. Some are literally just moments, such as the flight over night-time Coruscate before the reveal of Nanking and Paid ©s apartment, overhears others, such as the transition of Obi Wan flying down onto taupe, lead into a more extended musical passage. Underscoring dialogue is vital in Star Wars, especially in Episode Ill as most of the films running time is musical. However I feel that Burnt sometimes mixes the music too low for it to be as effective as the composer intended. But, when al is said and done that is his responsibility and not the composers. Marrying music With image is also important. Whether it is a sinister anti-fanfare heralding Grievous arrival on the bridge of his ship, or a timpani roll just before Nanking decapitates Count Took, the music just adds an extra layer Of depth to the picture. Williams is also not afraid to hit the action where appropriate; not in a cartoon bonk splash fashion, but, for example, where Grievous is advancing on Obi Wan with his sabers twirling, and at the exact moment Obi Wan lunges at the General, only to have his strike blocked, the dramatic music licks in with gusto. It is the diverse roles of Williams music within Episode Ill Revenge Of The Sits, punctuating action scenes, influencing the emotions of the audience, explaining the emotions of characters, underscoring dialogue, transitioning between scenes and locations, that am certain contribute to the success of Revenge Of The Sits, And a film that in only one showing at 12. 01 am on its opening day can make $16. 5 million cannot be deemed anything but successful.

Why I Picked Speech Essays - Speech And Language Pathology

Why I Picked Speech The science field of communication disorders has been of interest to me since my early childhood years. As a toddler, my younger brother Paul suffered forma severe ear infection, which caused him to lose fifty percent of his hearing. Due to this, Paul developed a speech impediment. At the age of seven I was introduced to the communication disorders field when I accompanied my brother for his first speech lesson. I remember observing through a one way mirror as the speech pathologist worked with my brother on pronunciations, syllables and playing phonics games. I recall the session as being fun and enjoyable both for Paul and the speech pathologist. My brother went to numerous sessions after this, and with my curiosity, I also attended. Now at the age of fifteen Paul has no impediment. No one would ever know he once had difficulties speaking. I enjoyed watching these lessons, and as I grew older, my curiosity grew even stronger, which made me investigate this field as a career. Due to this childhood experience, I have decided that communication disorders is the field I wish to study for my future career. Knowing the difficulty of this field has made my dedication to my academics even stronger. Throughout my four years of high school I have tried to take courses related to the communication disorders and science fields. I have been a hard working student throughout my years of schooling, because one day I hope to have an impact on children's lives the way someone did my brother's. I am an excellent candidate for the Massachusetts Association of Insurance Women, Inc. Scholarship because I have proved to be a dedicated and involved student during my Taunton High School career. Throughout my four years of high school I have excelled academically and athletically. I have been an extremely busy student. Currently The vice president of my high school, I have obtained the respect of both my peers and faculty. Many of our school functions have been left to my responsibility, such as ?Spirit Week?, ?Senior Week?, proms, school dances and more. Besides being one of the leaders of my school, I am also the captain of the Taunton High Swim Team and have been in charge of many other school and outside related committees, including the Advisory Board which converses with our school committee to discuss ways to make Taunton High a better place. Dedicating much of my time to school related activities, has been a wonderful experience. As I further my education, I plan to contin ue my involvement and further pursue my leadership qualities. Although I feel I have been an asset to my school, my desire to achieve my dream of becoming a speech pathologist can not be accomplished by dedication and inspiration alone. Being the hard worker that I am will get me far, but in this day and age money is also a necessity. Each college that I have applied and been accepted to, including Northeastern University and the University of New Hampshire requires immense sums of money. I am hoping that a good financial aid package will help defray expenses, but I know that I will need assistance from other organizations to achieve my goal. Speech and Communication Essays

Peachtree Assignment Essays

Peachtree Assignment Essays Peachtree Assignment Essay Peachtree Assignment Essay There are many reasons to use accounting software like PeachTree. Just like PeachTree there are programs like Cookbooks and Quicken that will allow for a company to track assets and banking information. The reason these programs are highly suggested and used through the world is because they provide efficiency through data entry onto a computer that can then be used o electronically send out the information directly to banks, vendors and even payroll which would take longer to do if it was done by hand. This is because by hand the data would have to be calculated and also then sent by mail which could take up to five days for the vendor or customer would receive and then the time it would take for the company to receive back. Accuracy is another reason why accounting software is beneficial. Accuracy comes into play as all the calculations have been programmed into the software. This means it just a matter of entering the data and the program does the rest. Accounting software can also save time should there be data loss. The reason is that these programs come with databases that can be backed up automatically by a set schedule. This means reloading the data takes between 5-10 minutes to do versus being down for weeks trying to rebuild. Reports are also built into the software. This means it is easier to grab all the information requested in a matter of a couple clicks instead of going through filing beanies full of paper that may not be legible enough to read. This means there is a greater chance for errors to happen. Accounting software is very important for organizations and companies to have. It keeps all data in a centralized location that is legible and accurate with a sense of safety with database backups. PeachTree, Cookbooks and Quicken are programs that also provide free trials to users to be sure that It can be customized to fit the needs of the company.

Health Resarch Methods - Article Critique Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Health Resarch Methods - Critique - Article Example (Carmen D. Samuel-Hodge, 2010) The researcher employed a sample of African Americans and Whites as his data source while evaluating six family functioning constructs completed by 291 participants in a trial of weight loss maintenance. Analysis was limited to 217 participants in households with at least one other family member, all providing final weight measurements. (Carmen D. Samuel-Hodge, 2010) The research as contained in the report ‘Weight-ing: The Experience of Waiting on Weight Loss’ was designed to explore the meaning of waiting on weight loss using Van Manen’s guide to phenomenological reflection and writing. (Glenn, 2012) The strategy employed was set up to analyze why weight has become an increasing focus of contemporary culture, weight becoming synonymous with health status, and weight loss with â€Å"healthier.† (Glenn, 2012) The data source employed was random as the report was grounded on human science research (i.e., herme ­neutic phenomenology), the reflective study of pre-re ­flective experience which was based on experiences of the common and uncommon, considering relations to time, body, space, and the other with the aim of evoking a felt, embodied, emotive understanding of the meaning of waiting on weight loss. (Glenn, 2012) The research contained in ‘The comparative and cumulative effects of a dietary restriction and exercise on weight loss’ report was designed to assess the independence of changes made in diet and physical activity for weight loss; and to examine the comparative and cumulative effects of these behavioural changes on weight loss outcomes. (CL Dunn, 2006) The strategy employed was to study the outcome variable of the body mass index (BMI) change from baseline to a 2-year follow-up while maintaining the primary independent variables which were changes in physical activity and dietary fat intake, assessed as

Understaffed Nursing Problems in Hospitals Research Proposal

Understaffed Nursing Problems in Hospitals - Research Proposal Example It is noticeable that the nursing shortage has become a global issue that has put patients care at higher risk and residents are complaining of poor care. It has been found that some nursing homes are highly understaffed that have endangered the lives of patients (Ellis & Hartley, 2004). Thousands of nurses are needed in nursing homes to address the health issues of patients who need assistance to recover from chronic diseases. But, they are losing hope and facing more health complexities due to the shortage of nursing staff. Some evidence-based major complexities that emerge from lack of nurses' assistance include hypertension, catheterized patients, urinary infections, poor feeding resulting in malnutrition, dehydration and most prominently decrease in the participation rate of patients in healthy activities (Siela, 2009). Nursing staff is responsible for taking care of patients during medicines intake or meal time and their absence lead patients to more complex health conditions. †¢ Problem and Problem Statement: Present literature over closely related issues shows that no study has contributed to highlight the factors, which are responsible for causing understaffed nursing problems in hospitals. †¢ The significance of the Problem: Lack of identification of responsible factors is a crucial issue and its solution can lead to resolving problems of the understaffed nursing sector. This problem has significant importance as it will help practitioners and researchers recognize the areas, which need proper attention and modification to provide standard healthcare services to the patients. Additionally, a research-based study covering an important issue related to understaffed nursing department might also contribute to open the gate and beneficial opportunities for those individuals, who seek to build up the career in the field of nursing.  A study conducted by Buerhaus, Donelan & Ulrich in 2005 aimed to find out the rate and impact of registered nurse s in the hospitals.

Choose a company that is involved in international business activities Essay

Choose a company that is involved in international business activities - Essay Example The recent conflicts in the coltan mining Congo have greatly affected the company in numerous aspects (Smith, 2013). Coltan is Columbo-tantalite substance that is used in the production of the modern electronics including smartphones (Richard & Kathreen, 2014). This product is essential in the production of electric capacitors that are used in smartphones because of their capability to hold high electric charges (Cellular news, 2014). The Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) has the largest world reserve of coltan, and its production has recently been affected by conflicts between DRC soldiers and M-23 militia rebel group (Smith, 2011). The M-23 militia consisted of Rwandese and Ugandan soldiers. This conflict evolved when the M-23 wanted to gain control over the coltan mining areas in DRC (Weebly, 2014). Though the mining of coltan is not large scale, it is mined by a group of men who dig huge craters in streambeds and scrap the dirt in order to get to coltan. The M-23 was involved in the smuggling of coltan from DRC to the neighboring nations. The neighboring countries such as neighboring Rwanda were accused of selling smuggled coltan though there is no coltan available in the country (Smith, 2011). This conflict in the late 2011 caused a decrease in the supply of coltan and an increase in the prices of coltan. Though there are other nations that produce coltan, DRC is the second largest producer and reserve of coltan after Australia (Marlow & Akkad, 2011). The decreased supply of coltan resulted to increased prices that increased the production costs of Apple Inc. by 20% (Weebly, 2014). However, continued conflicts in the area may result to increasing costs of production and may also affect the production level of the company. Additionally, reports by the United Nations indicate that there is a need to institute regulations to limit the production of coltan from conflict-prone areas in order to

An Integrated Approach To Writing English Language Essay

An Integrated Approach To Writing English Language Essay The first chapter of my paper puts forth three main issues: an investigation of writing in relation to the other language skills, a comparison between writing-for-writing versus writing-for-learning as well as an analysis of the teachers roles and the students involvement in the process of teaching writing. By exposing these aspects, I demonstrate that writing should not be taught as an isolated language skill but rather as a part of an integrated approach. Additionally, I show how writing-for-writing is as significant as writing-for-learning and how students play a crucial part in teaching writing and take responsibility for their own learning. An Integrated Approach to Writing and the Other Language Skills Contemporary methodological tendencies split the four language skills into two broad categories: receptive skills and productive ones. The latter includes speaking and writing with their much-debated differences. The process of writing presupposes the use of graphic symbols or letters chained together in higher sentence sequences that respect a particular order and form a coherent text. Writing is primarily linked to two other language skills: speaking and reading. On the one hand, the association writing-speaking gives rise to tough debates about whether teachers should focus more on teaching writing or teaching speaking. It may be argued that writing is not merely an ordinary extension of speech; the former practice differs from the latter in multiple ways as Donn Byrne cogently shows in the following table: SPEECH WRITING Takes place in a context. Creates its own context. Speaker and listener(s) in contact. Reader not present and no interaction possible Person addressed is specific. Reader not necessarily known to writer Immediate feedback given and expected. No immediate feedback possible. Speech is transitory. Writing is permanent. Sentences often incomplete and sometimes ungrammatical. Hesitations and pauses common. Sentences expected to be carefully constructed and linked and organised to form a text. Range of devices (stress, intonation, pitch, speed) to help convey meaning. Facial expressions, body movements, and gestures also used. Devices to help convey meaning are punctuation, capitals, and underlining (for emphasis). Fig. 1. Differences between speech and writing (Byrne 3). Source: Byrne, Donn. Teaching Writing Skills. London: Longman, 1993. Thus, the written language asks for a greater standardization of grammar and vocabulary whereas speech is varied according to distinctions in regional dialects. Speaking usually occurs as a spontaneous act while writing is carefully planned. Then, speakers make use of their body language and voice to put across meaning but writers have to count on their words for the same purpose. Finally, speech has a more informal and repetitive character where the written discourse develops logically in a more formal and compact style. On the other hand, writing is related to reading as these two skills represent the basis of literacy. Nowadays, theoreticians such as S.B. Kucer and E. Delgado-Larocco consider literacy as a multifaceted and active practice that encompasses sociocultural, cognitive, developmental, and cognitive factors (see Fig. 2 below). Consequently, for a person to become literate, he or she has to master all the abovementioned dimensions of literacy at the same time (Kucer 4). First, the cognitive influence dictates the writers wish to find, build, and share meaning. Afterwards, the sociocultural component contains markers of social identity (ethnicity or gender). Third of all, the linguistic element puts forth the language used by the writer as the conveyor of meaning. Last but not least, the developmental aspect includes the other three factors: since literacy is a dynamic process, the writers / readers development never ceases (Kucer 5-6). Fig. 2. Dimensions of literacy (Kucer 59). Source: Kucer, Stephen B. Dimensions of Literacy. A Conceptual Base for Teaching Reading and Writing in School Settings. New Jersey: LEA Publishers, 2005. Moreover, the question of why and how writing should be taught arises. Since writing is a skill which is (à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦) difficult to acquire (Byrne 6), it is obvious by now that instructors should set very clear teaching goals as concerns writing. In this sense, writing may be taught as a response to students needs and diverse learning styles: introvert learners do not feel at ease expressing themselves orally, so writing allows them to feel more self-confidence. But writing may equally be taught for reasons of memorization or retention and thus it offers students the confirmation for part of their learning progress. The most evident purpose for teaching writing seems to be the need for its presence in informal and formal examinations alike. In general, teaching writing is not meant to be an isolated practice. Instead, an effective student exposure to the foreign language is acquired through more than one medium as Eli Henkel points out: in meaningful communication, people employ incremental language skills not in isolation, but in tandem (quoted in Harmer 265). In the classroom, the teaching-learning environment tries to mimic real-life situations and this is the reason why lessons often integrate multi-layered language skills. In this context, writing invites us to gather and organize our thoughts in order to clearly communicate them (Johnson 8). Teaching Writing-for-writing versus Writing-for-learning Language is the vehicle of thought. The essential hypothesis is that-being a language skill-writing means writing a connected text and not just single sentences, that writers write for a purpose and a reader, and that the process of writing is a valuable learning tool for all our students (Raimes 11). Contemporary methodological trends dictate that writing should be taught interdependently with reading, speaking, and listening. There is no single approach to teaching writing but many. Writing may reinforce recently acquired language structures, it may improve the students mental and linguistic development, and it may also emphasize individual learning styles. Additionally, the type of writing teachers promote depends greatly on the learners age, level, and personal interests. In The Practice of English Language Teaching, Jeremy Harmer divides the teaching of writing in two broad categories: writing-for-learning and writing-for-writing. The former type is defined as the kind of writing we do to help students learn language or to test them on that language (Harmer 330). Thus, writing-for-learning can ask students to build sentences using the Past Tense Simple or the Going to Future for instance; here, the aim is not to train students to write, but rather to help them remember (Harmer 330) a certain grammar item. Learners build writing habits for language practice in this case-they come to grasp, retain, and acquire new language structures. Besides this, writing-for-learning promotes learners involvement in the lessons development and outcome by raising their awareness and by making them responsible for their own learning. By contrast, writing-for-writing addresses specific writing genres such as narratives, ads, letters, postcards, job applications, reports, or articles whose construction we want our students to master. Therefore, if we are to build the students writing skills, it is advisable to use such writing-for-writing tasks as often as is appropriate (Harmer 330). This category focuses more on familiar, daily styles that the learners find useful and that they are likely to come across more frequently. Writing for fun or for pleasure is also included here since it allows students to acquire knowledge in their own rhythm; self-experience proves valuable and motivates learners intrinsically, making them accumulate new language items more rapidly and with more ease. There are countless types of writing of activities targeted for this type of writing, amongst which: questionnaires, scenarios, puzzles, instructions, quizzes, diaries, headlines, or programmes. Unlike the controlled practice in class w here pupils are asked to comply to certain composition rules, writing for fun does not require obeying specific conventions but rather using the language that learners have at their disposal. As a result, writing for pleasure enhances students creativity and underpins their level of proficiency in the foreign language. Furthermore, Art Young-in Teaching Writing across the Curriculum-dwells on the same distinction between writing-for-learning and writing-for-writing, although he labels these categories differently: writing to learn and writing to communicate. Fig. 3. Writing to learn and writing to communicate (Young 9). Source: Young, Art. Writing across the Curriculum. New Jersey: Prentice Hall, 1999. Young exposes the fact that on the one hand, writing to learn encourages students to take the time to discover new language items step-by-step through creativity and problem-solving skills. Thus, writing to learn sets forth the writers linguistic knowledge and principles in his attempt to explain the matter to oneself (Britton quoted in Young 10). On the other hand, writing to communicate enables writers to share newly acquired structures with others, to explain the matter to others (Britton quoted in Young 10). This time, the reader or the receiver of the writers text is privileged and further supported to revise shared information or discover new perspectives. All in all, writing-for-learning and writing-for-writing are only two of the many possible ways of teaching writing. These two categories are not reciprocally exclusive, so teachers should not focus solely on one of them at the expense of the other. Although writing-for-learning focuses more on content areas whereas writing-for-writing on compositional forms, they both represent invaluable tools for the teaching-learning process. Used jointly within pairwork or groupwork, these techniques bring about the advantages of unimpeded communication, creativity, self-confidence and peer-reliability. Teachers Roles and the Students Involvement in Teaching Writing Teachers whose goal is to instruct students how to become proficient writers must always take into consideration the learners background and emotional makeup but also their life experiences that they bring to class. An efficient teaching of writing presupposes acknowledging the students active role in this process. Thus, a culturally sympathetic input offered by teachers embraces and explores class diversity. Besides the open-mindedness to culturally diverse learners, teachers also play other crucial roles in the classroom such as: resource, organiser, prompter, motivator, participant, and feedback provider. As resource, the teacher should be ready to supply information and language where necessary (à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦) offering advice and suggestions in a constructive and tactful way (Harmer 330), especially for longer writing tasks. Skilled teachers operate with their expertise when it comes to teaching writing and make sure that they put across new structures in a significant and accessible way. When the teacher becomes organiser, he or she is involved in physically setting up the classroom environment so that students get to better assimilate the writing tasks. The teacher may require that the students work in pairs or in groups and that the class setting be corresponding to the task (horseshoe, circle, groups of four desks or more, u-shape, or others). In this case, the teacher can also act as prompter, hinting at certain English structures to ensure a smooth flow of the activity; he or she could pass from group to group and offer learners tips and cues. Assuming the role of motivator, the teacher tries to boost both the learners intrinsic and extrinsic motivation since student motivation often proves to impede the acquiring of new English structures, whatever the taught skill may be. For teaching writing, motivation usually means giving students the advantage of choice without limiting their perspectives to a single activity. This is not to say that students may roam freely or disregard topics assigned by the teacher, but that they can rely on their life experiences, on their options in terms of English knowledge as well as on the prospect of a real audience (their colleagues, teachers, etc.) in order to successfully conclude an assignment. In this respect, one of our principal roles (à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦) will be to motivate the students, (à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦) persuading them of the usefulness of the activity, and encouraging them to make as much effort as possible for maximum benefit (Harmer 330). Additionally, acting as participant, the teacher can share with the students his or her own experience as a writer. By doing this, the teacher exposes writing strategies and offers insight into techniques typically used by proficient, expert writers. Students have to opportunity to witness the teacher struggling with logic and coherence and thus, they become more confident in their own writing skills. Humbertson even recounts: As I continued to write and share with my students, they connected and invested in their own literacy (11). Finally, the teacher as feedback provider is a position that I am dealing with in greater detail in my following chapter. However, mention should be made of the fact that teachers should respond positively and encouragingly to the content of what the students have written (Harmer 331). A negative feedback discourages students and makes them reticent to writing. It is generally accepted nowadays that the teachers feedback should highlight only one aspect that needs improvement every time: English register, vocabulary, punctuation, grammar, or word order. Nonetheless, the acclaimed student-centred teaching style of today does not obviously revolve exclusively around teachers roles in the classroom. Instead, this approach views teachers and students as partners or collaborators in the teaching-learning process. Students are as active a part of the writing practice as their instructors. By showing that they care and understand the learners needs and interests, teachers allow their students to become responsible for their own learning. Another instance of students involvement in teaching writing is the case of groupwork tasks when more proficient learners can guide or help out less proficient ones. Regardless of the writing context in the classroom, the teacher can follow certain steps to guarantee successful learning outcomes: design authentic and meaningful writing tasks, teach writing together with other language skills as part of an integrated approach, alternate teaching methods or techniques, create a sympathetic class atmosphere, and adopt a supportive attitude towards the learners. Overall, the first chapter of my paper has dwelled on aspects concerning first of all the relationship writing-speaking and writing-reading, then the similarities and differences between writing-for-learning and writing-for-writing, and ultimately the teachers responsibilities as well as the students participation in teaching writing. In this respect, I have revealed the fact that an integrated approach to teaching the language skills is the most appropriate technique to adopt in class, that writing-for-writing is as significant as and sometimes more constructive than writing-for-learning, and that good teachers know how to include students in the teaching-learning process by offering them a share of self-reliance, awareness, and motivation.

Brian Skyrms? Evolution of the Social Contract Essay -- essays researc

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Skyrms’ book, Evolution of the Social Contract, offers a compelling explanation as to why individuals, when placed with one-shot prisoner’s dilemmas, will often cooperate, or choose the equilibrium that will benefit both parties equally. He uses examples to outline how individuals of certain environments frequently engage in activities that benefit the group at their own personal expense. Using both game theory and decision theory, Skyrms explores problems with the social contract when it is applied to evolutionary dynamics. In the chapters of the book, he offers new insights into concepts such as sex and justice, commitment, and mutual aid.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Skyrms’ writing goes beyond traditional game theory, and exposes some weaknesses in its application. He rejects the theory’s traditional interpretation of rational actors and actions by discovering some glaring inconsistencies. Skyrms conducted a number of experiments using one-shot prisoners’ dilemmas. The ultimatum the author introduces in the first chapter serves as a simple example of a one-shot prisoners’ dilemma. In the initial form of the example, Skyrms proposes there is a cake that must be divided between two individuals. Each individual is looking to maximize his or her utility, and therefore, wants as much of the cake as possible. However, there is a third party, or what Skryms labels a â€Å"referee.† The two individuals must determine the percentage or portion of the cake they want and summit these requests to the referee. The percentages must not exceed 100%, or the referee will consume all the cake. It is therefore not in either parties’ best interest to request a significantly large portion. Additionally, if the total of the two requests is below 100% of the cake, the referee will take the left-over portion. The two parties will then aim to maximize their portion, however the best claim that an individual submits is dependent upon the other party’s claim. There are two interacting optimization problems (Skyrms 3, 4).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  An answer to the puzzle will be found in solutions that are in equilibrium. An equilibrium in informed rational self-interest, or a Nash equilibrium, is any solution to the problem whereby neither party could do better by altering its position. However, this is a general and broad definition. Further stipu... ...as formed certain signals and understandings that are critical to our prospects for cooperation and negotiation today (Skyrms 80-104).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Skyrms’ explorations in Evolution of the Social Contract are based on the premise that human beings are, in fact, inclined to behave justly. His writings do not aim to prove that individuals act justly all the time; however they assert that the disposition exists in societies. Many would take issue with Skyrms’ assertion. Firstly, justice has many interpretations. According to some, equal division of a resource is not always what justice requires. Skyrms fails to address situations where an individual may have worked harder than another for a resource, and invested more time in it. Perhaps one individual would obtain more utility from a given amount of a resource than another would. Libertarians would demand property rights, and argue that one individual might better utilize the resource than the other, creating more benefit for society. Skyrms also fails to give specific interpretations of justice and does not offer any thoughts on what ideas of jus tice, if any, are cultural universals.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  

Discuss A Streetcar Named Desire Essay

Discuss A Streetcar Named Desire as a portrayal of a broken world. Hart Crane’s stanza, printed on the title-page of A Streetcar Named Desire, speaks of love’s voice as â€Å"an instant in the wind†. The last line goes on to allude to its transiency. Given that this is placed under the banner of a â€Å"broken world†, a play that otherwise boasts the subtlety of its imagery seems to get a rather blunt prefix. William’s intention was to create for Blanche a form of heroism. Here, on the first page, he pronounces love to be a dying entity. He tells us that it cannot be a permanent force within the vessel of human decision making. In the scenes that follow, he introduces a character positively wrestling with her internal nihilism, a character in contemplative turmoil about whether there is something more to her being-and her decisions. She quickly enters wholly hedonistic and materialistic surroundings, where her fading romanticism is contrasted with the apathetic humanism of Stanley. There is not, as the question suggests, a deep and deliberate flaw spanning the world of A Streetcar Named Desire. Indeed, such an assertion entirely misses the point. Perhaps it is a semantic difference, but the world depicted in the play is an entirely functional one; it is a world in which all the coherent parts play off each other, with both friction and cooperation. It is entirely incorrect to state that the lives of Stanley, Stella, Eunice, and Steve don’t continue from day-to-day with regularity and a certain degree of contentedness. That is not to say that Williams presents a situation that is either positive or, more crucially, hopeful. Instead, he examines twentieth century society as a great evolutionary mechanism: a fact, an absolute, in which Blanche constitutes an anomaly. Within this mechanism, base-line motivations act as stimuli for every moment of character action-and, as a reader, there is a temptation to focus on this. However, a more consequential realisation is that these hedonistic human pursuits-sex, monetary accumulation, power, and so on-also power the stasis of the play. Every moment of internal equilibrium is clamped in place by microcosm of personal economics and raw desire. The best illustrations of this come through Stella. Of course, her behaviour is often contrasted in blunt and unequal terms to Blanche’s melodrama. As a result of this, the passages between them exhibit a rather distorted sense of tension, whereby Stella’s consistency of view-point deflates the very conflict that Blanche is starting. Therefore, there is a tendency, particularly early in the play, to see Stella as a defeated character: there is aura of disconnection about her, as if the world has no effect on her: Blanche: And you are standing there smiling. Stella: What do you want me to do? B: Pull yourself together and face the facts. S: What are they, in your opinion? B: In my opinion? You’re married to a madman!

farbstoffe essays

farbstoffe essays In diesem Bereich mchte ich einige grundlegende Prinzipien zum Thema Farbe erlutern. Denn obwohl nicht nur Farbphotographie und Farbfernsehen, sondern eigentlich unser ganzes Leben von Farbe bestimmt ist und wichtige Entscheidungen davon abhngen (die Blinden und Farbenblinden nehme ich hier mal aus), gibt es dabei ein Problem: Wir haben mit den Farbnamen, die wir verwenden, kein eindeutiges System, um eine Farbe zu beschreiben. Was ist beispielsweise Knigsblau? Jeder, der dies jetzt liest, wird seine eigene Vorstellung davon haben und wenn man all diese Farben auf einem Blatt nebeneinander htte, wrde wohl jeder Farbton anders aussehen. Und so ist das eigentlich mit all den Farben, deren Namen wir im Alltag verwenden. Vllig undurchsichtig wird das Ganze dann, wenn man die Farbnamen der Bekleidungsindustrie betrachtet, die wohl mit jeder neuen Mode neu erfunden werden. Und selbst das Wort "Farbe" ist nicht eindeutig. Umgangssprachlich wird es sowohl fr einen Farbstoff, fr ein optisches Phnomen und fr einen Sinneseindruck verwendet. Die englischsprachigen Lnder unterscheiden da genauer: Einem Amerikaner kme es bspw. nicht in den Sinn in einem Baumarkt einen Eimer "color" zu kaufen. Einen Eimer "paint" wrde er aber erhalten. Das Hauptproblem ist, daß Farbe keine physikalische Grße wie Lnge oder Gewicht ist, die eindeutig definiert ist. Farbe ist eher ein Sinneseindruck wie Geschmack oder Geruch. Und Farbe setzt eine Bestrahlung mit sichtbarem Licht voraus. Ohne Licht keine Farbe. Trotzdem, auch mit dem Wissen, das in diesem Bereich vermittelt wird, ist es nicht mglich "Farbe" zu messen. Man kann nur die Strahlung messen, die in unser Auge eintritt und dann im Gehirn einen Farbeindruck hervorruft. Ob das bei Person A derselbe ist, wie bei Person B ist ein ganz anderes Thema. Das Bedrfnis des Menschen, sich und seine Umwelt mit Farben zu schmc...

To Kill A Mockingbird

In the novel To Kill A Mockingbird, by Harper Lee, Tom Robinson is a minor character. Tom Robinson cares for his family. Tom is a helpful person and he provided for himself. He is innocent and hard working. Tom is an innocent man. He was accused and convicted of raping Mayella Ewell, but the truth was that he never raped Mayella. It was all a cover up for Bob Ewell, Mayellas father, beating Mayella. Tom Robinson is just like a Mockingbird. He minds his own business and is harmless. This is why people were amazed when Tom Robinson was accused of rape, but everyone on the jury was white and prejudice and this is why Tom Robinson was convicted of rape. In this story, Atticus quoted, Its a sin to kill a mockingbird. It was a sin to kill Tom for a crime that he didnt commit. In the end Tom did die. Right before Tom was executed, Scout said, Well, itd be sort of like shootin a mockingbird. Tom Robinson is very courteous. He treats everyone with respect. When he was on the stand during his trial, he addressed everyone with Sir or Mam. Tom likes to do the right thing or does what he thinks is right. He doesnt like to do things that will disappoint others. Tom Robinson is a hardworking man. Since he was a young boy, he was working for Link Deas in the Cotton Gin. When he was a young boy, the Cotton Gin had cut off his left arm, but that did not stop him from working. Tom Robinson kept working with one arm to support his wife and his children. Above all, he helped Mayella when she needed assistance with her everyday jobs. Mayella would ask him to help her bring in large, heavy pails of water from the well in the house for her, chop up wood, and get things that are too high for her to reach and he was always more than happy to help her. In conclusion, Tom Robinson was a kind and polite man and he didnt deserve to die for a crim

Do you believe Girl or Sabbat function as Little Red Riding Hood Essay

Do you believe Girl or Sabbat function as Little Red Riding Hood (LRRH) Rewrites Why or why not In your response, you may respond to only one text and you must compare it to a traditional version of LRRH - Essay Example In as much as â€Å"Sabbat† appears to be in the tale, â€Å"girl† is more dominant and serves as the Little Red Riding Hood (LRRH). In all versions of the tale, there are human relationships evidenced by the presence of people such as grandmother. Certainly, a â€Å"Sabbat† cannot have a grandmother unless in a fiction. Evidently, the girl had a grandmother and was anxious to learn various things. As a result, when given a Red Riding Hood by her grandmother she ends up wondering around in the forest. Certainly, the latter plays a more important role in shaping perception and understanding of the tale (Hillert 71). The original versions make the wolf a dangerous animal that eats the girl. Nevertheless, the following versions make it difficult for the story to end in the direction as she gets saved before the actual process. For instance, in one instance a saviour disguises as her father to initiate a safe retrieval from the dangerous situation. In other instances, the saviour appears as a hunter or woodcutter to rescue the Little Red Riding Hood. The moral ambiguity in all the stories appear to focused on a human experience. Variation in moral message among the different versions of Little Red Riding Hood represents different issues. Conceivably, the theme of not talking to strangers dominates the story that makes it easy for children to learn. Undoubtedly, many parents have been on the verge of teaching and educating their children not to talk to strangers. The educative book makes it easy for parents to educate children without going through hard lessons (Mays 46). Contrary to Perrault version that has additional text located at the end of every story, others leave the unintended version for readers to employ different measures. Interestingly, the human experience of the girl in the tale makes this possible. Without a consistent word layout, it is difficult to bring into light

I need to paraphrase Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

I need to paraphrase - Essay Example re cash flow, then the value of the asst is determined by discounting the future cash flows properly through taking into account the total of all the cash flows. d) The value of bonds is determined by the discounted value of the Principal and all the coupon payments and this is done through the use of discount rate. For instance, a ten year value bond that has a value of 10 % will yield value of 1000 or par. g) It can be observed that annual payment of 10 year bond is more risky compared to a similar bond of one year since the value is derived from cash flows that are closer to the current date and vice versa in case of the first one. Slight changes in the yield mean big changes in the discounted far away cash flow values. This results in more fluctuation of the 10 year bond. h) When discount rate (yield) is used to discount the future cash flows, it is assumed that the same return on the investment as the discount rate would be obtained. As commonly known, the discount rate or the current expected return constantly fluctuates depending on the market situation which means that the expected return might not be obtained. This type of risk is referred to as reinvestment risk. i) When there are semiannual payments, the number of periods used also increases. When there is a 10 year semiannual coupon bond with rate of 10% coupon while the current nominal rate is pegged at 13%, the value of the bond would be USD 834.72. j) If a 10 year bond with coupon of 10% as well prevailing interest rate of 10%, between an annual coupon bond and semiannual is bought, the semiannual one is bought while the cash flows are received more quickly. In such a scenario, both coupon rates and current interest rates are the same where there is no price difference. In the event that the coupon rate is different from the nominal rate, a difference is found. For instance, if the current nominal rate is 8%, the annual coupon bond will then be valued at USD 1134.20 while the semiannual is

D-Day, Invasion of Normandy, France (World War II) Research Paper

D-Day, Invasion of Normandy, France (World War II) - Research Paper Example As a consequence lead to France and Britain launching war against Germany two days later. Other countries then joined the war taking different sides depending on the side they supported (Hastings 1945). The war continued resulting in the battle of Normandy which is considered as the last greatest set-piece war that has ever occurred in the Western world. This paper will explore the events of the D-Day invasion of Normandy, France during World War II. Fein (5) notes that at the dawn of June 6, 1944, one of the greatest and historic battles started. Under leadership of United States of America, its allied forces entered France. The first Paratroopers were composed of approximately 175, 000 US allied soldiers sent to France that day. The first battle was fought for 24 hours during that day. This daring 24-hour battle is what is termed as D-Day. However, the war that followed after the D-Day is considered one of the most important wars of World War II which began in 1939 and ended in 194 5. This battle is what is known as The Battle of Normandy according to Fein (5). Fein (5) asserts that in 1944, the Axis controlled most parts of Europe. The Axis powers were under the leadership of Germany with the other axis powers consisting of Japan, Italy and Romania. The D-Day invasion of Normandy was the launching point of the Allies for Europe’s invasion. Under the strategy, the Allied forces first planned to liberate France from the control of the Axis. This was then to be followed by waging another war aimed at freeing the rest of Europe. The Allied countries consisted of the United States of America as the leader, the Soviet Union, Great Britain, and several other countries. Hitler’s Troops The World War was caused by the fact that Adolf Hitler, then German chancellor, wanted the world to be under his control. This however never came to be as Hitler killed himself in April, 1945, days before Germany conceded to defeat (History Learning Site par 1). Fein (6) reveals that at that time, the German Army was perceived to be one of the strongest in the world. By 1944, German army had taken over most of Europe but later started to show some signs of weakness. It is reported that earlier in the battle, German arsenals had severely suffered huge losses in Africa and the Soviet Union. Therefore, by the time of D-Day battle, millions of German armies were dead or taken as prisoners. Fein asserts that the German arsenals were thinly spread making it weaker. Despite the situation, many German troops still fought in the Soviet Union and on other numerous fonts. Nevertheless, the army still could not respond well both defensively and in form of attacks. This gave the Allies the courage to hit harder as they knew that Hitler was now headed for another defeat. Stalin Demands Action Fein (7) reveals that as the war began, the Soviet Union recorded significant success in fighting Germany. However, due to huge bombardments and losses it incurred, it neede d support from the Allied forces to help it continue with the war. It is reported that at first, Germany invaded the Soviet Union in 1941. This led to the deaths of many soldiers and civilians from Soviet Union. In 1942, Joseph Stalin, the leader of the Soviet Union called upon the Allied forces to invade Europe. This was due to his belief that a huge attack in Europe would force Hitler to

Globalization and Implementation Plan Essay Example for Free

Globalization and Implementation Plan Essay This report will provide business and demographic information to determine a platform of business strategies and alternatives for Home Depot to re-enter or abandon the Argentinian retail market for home improvement centers. Home Depot must be very specific and strategic to try to re-enter the market due the abject failure in entering the market in 1997 and existing the market in 2001 from the lack of profits and community acceptance. Home Depot cannot afford another failure in Argentina or South America. (Home Depot. 2013). Home Depot: Home Depot is the 4th largest retailer in the US, the 5th largest retailer in the world and ultimately the worlds largest home improvement specialty retailer. In 35 years, Home Depot operates 2,257 retail stores in 50 states, the District of Columbia, Puerto Rico, U.S. Virgin Islands, Guam, Canada, and Mexico. The foreign locations (294) generate just 12% of Home Depots’ total revenues. They have engineered entry and expansion into foreign markets through acquisition of smaller retailers and expanded upon their success. The Home Depot, Inc. operates as a home improvement retailer. It sells building materials, home improvement products, and lawn and garden products, as well as providing installation, home maintenance, and professional service programs to do-it-yourself, do-it-for-me, and professional customers. It serves home owners, professional remodelers, general contractors, repairmen, small business owners, and tradesmen. From the beginning, The Home Depot has developed strategic product alliances directly with leading manufacturers delivering the most exclusive products and national brands. They also provide a combination of proprietary products like Ryobi ® tools, RIDGID ® tools, BEHR ® paint, LG ® appliances, and Toro ® lawn equipment. Home Depot has set the standard for innovative merchandise for the do-it-yourselfer and the professional contractors. In addition, they can provide exporting servicing for products worldwide. (Home Depot. 2013). Argentina: This portion of the report will review the demographics, economic markets, income levels and currency values, culture and along with the legal and political environment in Argentina and South America for Home Depot reentrance. The total population of Argentina is just over 42 million people covering 2.8 million square kilometers (km). It is the 8th largest country in the world and speaks primarily Spanish and Italian along with English, German and French. The population is primarily located among five largest cities of the country in northern 30% of the country and within 600 km of the capital Buenos Aires with 13 million citizens. It has less than 1% population growth and the average age is 30 years old with a 98% literacy rate and 16 years of formal education. Regretfully, the average unemployment rate is estimated to be 10.2 and higher for females. The income level for individuals per capita is $18,820 and ranks 73rd in the world. The labor force is comprised of 17M workers and ranks 36th in the world. The percentage of the population below the poverty line is 30%. Between the poverty line and the percentage of unemployment and contraction in the economy is does not provide a lot of discretionary money to be used for purchasing homes, maintenance, and remodeling. The culture of Argentina is based upon traditional Roman Catholic values (92% membership) centered upon family values and 100’s of years of religious beliefs, values, dependence and fostering upon local relationships. The culture is also driven by personal relationships with the expectation of working with you to find solutions to consumer needs. Many Argentinians do not like the big box impersonal retail stores that do not have the personnel to spend time creating trust and loyalty with customers. (CIA Factbook. 2013). International Considerations for Argentina and Home Depot: The economy of Argentina is the 22nd largest in the world with a growth rate of 2.6% with a GDP of $475B in 2012. It has a diversified economy due to the many natural resources available to them. Manufacturing is the largest segment of industry with 20%; agriculture with 5% and the remaining in the services and tourism sector. The currency in Argentina is based upon the peso and the current exchange rates ranges for US dollars range from 1 peso to 4.1 to 4.6 dollars. Argentina is a member of Mercosur with Brazil, Paraguay and Uruguay implementing a Common External Tariff (CET) for non-members to pay tariffs up to 35%. This was implemented to protect those economies from the dumping of cheaper foreign goods. Argentina defaulted on its debt in 2002 leading foreign investors to flee and take their investments elsewhere. Since then, Argentina nationalized the $24 billion pensions fund and limited the amounts of foreign purchases of land. Argentina has not been able to pull out if the economic slump and economic growth has completely stalled. The optimistic view point for economic growth in Argentina in 2013 will be less than 3.5% for consumer demand, industrial production and exports. This will apply additional economic pressure for homebuyers to make purchase homes and banks willing to lend. They have implemented a number of measures to keep dollars in the country restricting foreign currency exchanges and debt obligations in defending the value of the peso. These restrictions have effectively made it almost impossible to obtain US dollars for the purposes of real estate purchases. The federal tax agency’s authorization is now required before making any foreign exchange purchase. The implementation of these tight policy measures has the real estate activity in 2012 fell approximately 40%, making it one of the sectors worst performing years in the country in a decade. â€Å"The number of commercial real estate transactions in Buenos Aires fell 46% to 6,315 and residential transactions fell 15% in 2012. (Bifani. 2013) The legal system for Argentina has become very restrictive over the years to protect their business and economy from inflation and currency issues. They have the Argentina’s Customs Code (DGA), which registers all foreign importers and exporters. They apply import duties and taxes to all imports along import duties, statistical taxes, value-added taxes and excise duties. Argentina has strict regulations and fees regarding the purchasing of property by foreign interests, which limits the potential for revenues and growth. (CIA Factbook. 2013). Market Considerations for Argentina and Home Depot Is Argentina, the best possible country for Home Depot to reinvest into? Argentina ranks in the bottom 10 countries in the world for foreign businesses to do business in. Specifically for Home Depot, it takes 12 months for a construction company to obtain a construction permit, which double what it takes throughout the rest of South America. This would greatly impact Home Depot ability to build stores and expand within Argentina. The majority of businesses hours operate between 9am 7 pm and can run to 9 or 10pm for retail stores. The business hierarchy is top down with ideas and instructions come from the top. They are very respectful of business protocol and will not break those social norms or status structure. With these facts in mind, it demonstrates Argentinians require time to develop trust and familiarity, especially for foreigners. Negotiations will take a considerable amount of time and you must be willing to argue and debate to get their support and consensus. They will no t hesitate to interrupt and argue for the finer points of agreements before proceedings to the next step. (Communicaid. 2009). The following are business points regarding the desire to potentially expand into Argentina. They have a value added tax (VAT) across the economy and a wealth tax. These taxes discourage both internal and external business to invest in larger business ventures due the country’s desire to confiscate profits from business people from investing. The government has huge political swings of ideology and purpose. This creates an environment that can propagate corruption, bribery and short term political or economic decisions to encourage voting support. They are a 60% tax evasion rate, which is triple that of US citizens. For many of the key economic indicators, Argentina ranks the bottom 25% in the world for doing business, economic freedom, human rights, taxes, and corruption. The inflation rate is about 10% and outside economists are reporting about 20%. Credit cards have low credit limits restricting higher purchases and up to a 45% interest rate. This does not encourage businesses to take any risks or initiatives for business growth i.e.: construction businesses. (Chafkin, M. 2001). Overall according the financial reports, Argentina is now considered a third world country due to its difficulty with globalization and working with foreign countries. * They have established strict foreign investment guidelines prohibiting foreign ownership. * They have restricted construction companies for building and developing business areas. * They have high tax rates and low reinvestment rates back into their country. * They have problems with government corruption, bribery and ethics. Entry Modes (Globalization Implementation Plan) This portion will cover the various possibilities for establishing the Modes of Entry for Home Depot to reenter Argentina. Home Depot’s expansion in foreign markets has been less than successful such as the ones in South America, China and Southeast Asia. They have had some success in Canada and Mexico due to being substantial trading partners in the NAFTA agreement and similar ideology of home ownership and access to credit, Exporting: This mode of business entry will not effectively work for expanding and opening home improvement stores in Argentina at this time. Local competitors will prefer to source construction products from local suppliers rather than to purchase from foreign suppliers. They have implemented restrictions for international trade with tariffs and entrance barriers, which will increase the possible competitive pricing to become less attractive for Home Depot. Turn-Key Operations: This mode of entry will not be a viable alternative due to the fact that Home Depot does not provide any explicit technology over the local DIY businesses such as EASY. This mode could damage Home Depot by training and possibly improving competitor’s ability to compete with Home Depot in other markets in South America like Mexico. Licensing: This mode of entry is similar to Turn-Key due to the lack of control over the foreign business and again Home Depot cannot provide any real production improvements other than economies of scale to existing or new business. It would only provide royalty fees to Home Depot and would not warrant the business investment. Franchising: Franchising is similar to licensing. It works when companies have a strategic production process like such as mentioned in the text with Fuji-Xerox or even McDonalds. Home Depot does not provide the specialized processes or supply chain to support the development of franchising into foreign markets. Wholly Owned Subsidiary: This is the method and mode of entry Home Depot tried before and failed. At that point in time, Argentinians ability to own and purchase property was very restrictive for a majority of the population. Argentinians are not accustomed with reinvesting into their homes or dwelling. They did not have the incentives to reinvest or the desire to learn how to perform the tasks that it would take to complete a successful DIY project. Also, Home Depot is not an Argentinian or Latin American business, which creates a lack of respect and loyalty. The Easy company growth is due to Home Depot building the model and Easy taking them and restructuring them for Latin American consumers. (Hill, C. 2011). Joint Ventures: This is the only method or mode of entry that makes sense for Home Depot to pursue. In the textbook, there are examples of Tesco and Jollibee competing with bigger more entrenched businesses by using joint ventures and investments to establish a foothold. For Home Depot to renter the South American market and specifically Argentina, I believe the only choice Home Depot has is to engage in joint ventures with smaller DIY businesses in Argentina and gain some traction similar to Tesco in Europe and Asia. Also, EASY is now the big player in the market with 49 DIY stores. It is doubtful they would entertain any joint ventures without the ability to be the controlling partner or give up its majority interest. Monetary Systems: This portion will evaluate Argentina’s history of monetary policy and its effect upon the potential desire or ability for Home Depot to reopen home improvement retail stores there. Argentina history relating to financial and monetary policy has been turbulent and at a crisis stage numerous times. Argentina is working hard to revamp their economy and currency ratings. It has a GDP of $475B ranking 22nd in the world and one of the largest economies in South America. In 1998 Argentina entered a four year depression resulting from governmental tax increases, devaluing of its currency, freezing bank deposits, defaulting on foreign debt up to $93B, and finally removing the linkage between the peso and the US dollar. Some of international issues relating to Argentina’s reputation have been reducing the international trade/currency exchanges have been their protectionist’s policy and rated the worst in the world by the World Bank. They have seized control over the largest oil and airline companies in the country. They are also being censured by the IMF for dishonest reporting of national statistics specifically inflation rates. (Singer, H. 2013). Argentina has attempted practically every single monetary system known today to their economy and all have failed resulting in financial crisis over the last 35 years. The flexible exchange rate system led to a hyperinflation and the currency board has led to dramatic recessions. During the first three crises, Argentina was using a fixed exchange rate to allow government control. The first crisis was in 1975 with the collapse of that stabilization plan resulting in the devaluing of their currency by 100% and more than a dozen followed the next year. The second crisis was to the Tablita plan in 1981; the Tablita plan was to reform banking regulations and capital account restriction affecting its currency and exchange rates. It still ended with an 82% devaluation of its currency in one year. The third crisis occurred within 12 months in 1982 with Alemann Plan. This plan was designed around the banking and insurance industries connected to foreign currency exchanges. At this time, Argentina abandoned the fixed exchanges for a floating exchange system. The next strategy Argentina attempted was after the 2001 crisis and implemented a dual exchange rate system to manage and control their economy and currency values. This allows them to use both fixed and/or floating system with the ability for different fixed and floating rates during the same period of time. The fixed exchange rates are used for essential imports and exports account transactions. The floating exchange rates are used for capital account transactions determined by the market critical to providing foreign cash reserves for the country. Usually, countries implementing dual exchanges rates are using protectionist control to protect their economy and financial markets such as China. (Investopedia. 2013) Business Strategy for Home Depot to enter Argentina This portion of the report is to provide a platform of business strategies and alternatives for Home Depot to re-enter the Argentinian retail market for home improvement centers. Home Depot cannot afford another failure in Argentina or South America. From the beginning, The Home Depot develops strategic product alliances directly with industry-leading manufacturers to deliver the most exclusive products assortments to customers. Home Depots expansion strategies have been very successful throughout North America when they have used acquisition strategies. Their expansion in Argentina did not produce the same results due to the lack of a substantial home improvement company to purchase. They chose to organically grow the market in Argentina. This strategy failed due to many different situations occurring during the same time frame: political failure of the government and presidential resignations, huge drop in their GDP, default on the foreign debt, currency failure, widespread unemplo yment and public riots. It was like the perfect storm for the country and Home Depot. (Home Depot. 2013). In reviewing the many strategies that are available for Home Depot to re-enter the market in Argentina, there are many limitations based upon the history of Argentina and Home Depot. They definitely have the ability to leverage economies of scale for providing home improvement products at almost any price point that the consumers is willing to pay. These economies of scale would be too large for any competitive business to ignore. Their major competitor, Cencosud is the company they sold their four stores to in 2001. It is the largest retailer in South America with over 1,045 retail store in a variety of markets. It is a $19B company with 125,000 employees. Home Depot is a $70B corporation with 331,000 employees in about 2,294 stores. This would be an extremely difficult acquisition and inevitably against their acquisition strategy of buying smaller businesses and expanding through gradual growth. This also limits the amount of exporting potential to Argentina through Cencosud due to the lack of exporting profits. (Cencosud. 2013). Recommendations All of these factors leave The Home Depot with a limited amount of possibilities to re-enter the Argentinian market. The best possibility is to partner with Cencosud in a strategic alliance or find smaller specialized retailers that are currently competing with Cencosud in Argentina and offer them very attractive distribution, pricing and profit sharing. I would find it difficult to invest in this country’s economy due the protectionist ideology of the government. Their policies have not created real economic growth and restrict the ability for foreign companies to invest without excessive tax on profits. The current business environment, banking system and construction restrictions are not conducive for foreign involvement or investments. Home Depot has already attempted once, I believe it would take an even larger investment to overcome the negative perception in 2001. Also, they have a major competitor Sodimac in place and have had double digit growth since 2005. Their best expansion strategies for Home Depot to get back into go into Argentinian markets would be establishes strategic alliances with the smaller retailers for exportations, joint ventures directly with Fallabella and foreign direct investments to invest with either of the businesses if available depending upon the political complexity of the government. (Forbes. 2011). References: Bifani. (2013). Argentine Real Estate Activity Sharply Falls. Retrieved from http://www.homechannelnews.com/article/hd-expounds-plans-mexico-latin-america Castro, G. (2012). Chile’s new Sodimac home improvement store continues to break ground underground. Retrieved from http://blog.kimcorealty.com/2012/02/chiles-new-sodimac-home-improvement-store-continues-to-break-ground-underground/ Cencosud. (2013). Our Company. Retrieved from http://www.cencosud.com/nuestra-empresa/descripcion/?lang=en Chafkin, M., (2001). Inc. magazine. A Constant Feeling of Crisis. Retrieved from http://www.inc.com/magazine/201106/doing-business-in-argentina_pagen_5.html CIA Handbook. (2013). Argentina. Retrieved from https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ar.html Communicaid. (2009). Doing Business in Argentina. Retrieved from http://www.communicaid.com/access/pdf/library/culture/doing-business-in/Doing%20Business%20in%20Argentina.pdf Easy. (2013). Easy Argentina. Retrieved from https://www.easy.com.ar/webapp/wcs/stores/servlet/es/easyar/information-pag e?identifier=mapa_locales.html Encyclopedia of Business. (2013). Joint Ventures and Strategic Alliances. Retrieved from http://www.referenceforbusiness.com/management/Int-Loc/Joint-Ventures-and-Strategic-Alliances.html#ixzz2SRvvAulT Forbes. (2011). Home Depot Remodels Its Growth Plans. Retrieved from http://www.forbes.com/2001/11/30/1130homedepot_print.html Global Property Value. (2013). Argentina. Retrieved from http://www.globalpropertyguide.com/Latin-America/argentina/Price-History Hill, Charles W. L. (2011). Global Business Today. (7th ed.). New York: The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.. ISBN: 978-0-07-813721-1. Home Depot. (2013).About Us. Retrieved from https://corporate.homedepot.com/OurCompany/History/Pages/default.aspx Kaminsky, G., (2009). Thirty Years of Currency Crises in Argentina. External Shocks or Domestic Fragility?. George Washington University. Retrieved from http://home.gwu.edu/~graciela/HOME-PAGE/RESEARCH-WORK/WORKING-PAPERS/argentina.pdf Isora, M., (2009). Importan ce of Strategic Alliances in Company Activity. Retrieved from http://www3.mruni.eu/~int.economics/5nr/Isoraite.pdf Sprawl Busters. (2008). Argentina. Adios, Home Depot!. Retrieved from http://www.sprawl-busters.com/search.php?readstory=821